Low chloroplast diversity despite phylogenetically divergent haplotypes in Japanese populations of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae)

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kurokochi ◽  
Yoko Saito ◽  
Misaki Chuman ◽  
Yuji Ide
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dna Polymorphisms ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Molecular Variation ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Introduced Populations

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae) has succeeded in expanding its distribution widely over the past 100 years in Japan. We investigated which maternal lines of A. altissima are expanding in Japan and whether the introduced populations are different in various regions of Japan. Chloroplast DNA polymorphisms were analyzed on A. altissima trees (n = 449) sampled from 64 nonindigenous Japanese populations and four indigenous Chinese populations. Six haplotypes were identified. Three haplotypes (H1, H2, and H3) were observed in Japan, whereas four (H3, H4, H5, and H6) were detected in Chinese populations. Most A. altissima trees in Japan harbor either H1 or H3, and these two haplotypes were not genetically similar. Analysis of molecular variation showed some genetic differentiation among populations. In addition, significant isolation by distance was not detected. Twenty-two Japanese populations contained two haplotypes within each population, whereas the other 42 Japanese populations were composed of only one haplotype. These results indicate that Japanese populations of A. altissima may have derived from a limited number of seed introductions, but they were then widely spread in various regions.

Khojas of Kashgar

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Papas
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western China ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
Religious Capital ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sufi Order ◽  
Written Traditions ◽  
Eastern Turkestan

The Khojas of Kashgar name a Sufi lineage, which became a ruling dynasty in eastern Turkestan or present-day Xinjiang in western China. Founded by the Samarkandi spiritual master Ahmad Kāsānī (d. 1542), a member of the Naqshbandiyya Sufi order strongly implicated in politics, the lineage divided into two competing branches, one led by Ishāq Khoja (d. 1599) and the other by Āfāq Khoja (d. 1694). Both leaders were influential at the court in Yarkand and engaged in frequent proselytizing missions among Turkic, Mongol, Tibetan, and Chinese populations. Yet, only Āfāq Khoja and his group of followers, the Āfāqiyya, with the support of Zunghar Mongols, created a kind of theocracy whose religious capital was Kashgar, and which was based on Sufi organization, practice, and ideology. Venerated as Sufi saints (īshān), the Khojas embodied a politico-religious form of Islamic sanctity (walāya) while promoting a doctrine of mystical renunciation. Paradoxically, although the regime did not survive internecine conflicts and the Qing conquest in 1759, the Khojas of Kashgar, including the Ishāqiyya sublineage, continued to be very active in the long run. They conducted insurrections throughout the Tarim basin and created short-lived enclaves until their complete neutralization in 1866 with the forced exile of the last great Khoja, Buzurg Khān Töre (d. 1869). In Xinjiang, the Khojas have remained venerated figures of the past until now, although collective memory kept a contradictory picture of them, oscillating between holy heroes and feudal oppressors. Descendants of the exiled Khojas in eastern Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan formed communities that still preserve relics and oral as well as written traditions.

Genetic structure of the introduced heaven tree (Ailanthus altissima) in Japan: evidence for two distinct origins with limited admixture

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kurokochi ◽  
Yoko Saito ◽  
Yuji Ide
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Microsatellite ◽  
Geographical Genetic Structure ◽  
Future Management

The heaven tree, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, was intentionally introduced from China to many temperate areas globally, where it has become successfully established. Here, we investigated the patterns of genetic differentiation between introduced Japanese A. altissima populations using both plastid and nuclear microsatellite markers. Three hundred and eighty-eight trees were sampled from six planted and 12 naturalized populations. Two distinct chloroplastic haplotypes were observed, which allowed us to separate two groups of trees, H1 and H3, containing 128 and 260 trees, respectively. Nine nuclear genetic microsatellites revealed 17.7 alleles per locus on average. These data did not indicate significant isolation-by-distance. Analysis of molecular variance showed the absence of genetic differentiation between the planted and naturalized populations. In contrast, the two groups defined according to the chloroplastic haplotypes (H1 and H3) were differentiated. STRUCTURE analysis showed that, within each haplotype group, most trees were strictly assigned to one cluster, with the exception of a few (ca. 30) trees. Our results indicate that (1) geographical genetic structure was weak, with high genetic variation among populations; (2) a congruent signal was revealed by chloroplastic and nuclear markers, indicating two distinct provenances; and (3) admixture between the two lineages has occurred, but remains limited. Several other invasive plant species have already been reported to exhibit similar trends; hence, future management of A. altissima might be required in Japan.

scholarly journals Genetic Differentiation and Population Structure of Threatened Prunus africana Kalm. in Western Cameroon Using Molecular Markers

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Justine G. Nzweundji ◽  
Ulrike Huewe ◽  
Nicolas Niemenak ◽  
Néhémie T. Donfagsiteli ◽  
Klaus Eimert
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Medicinal Tree ◽  
Prunus Africana ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Markers

Genetic diversity of species is an important baseline for the domestication process. In Cameroon, Prunus africana, an important and threatened medicinal tree, is among the priority species for domestication. The bark extract has been used to treat various diseases; mainly benign prostatic hyperplasia which affects men above the age of 50. As little is known about the genetic diversity of P. africana in Cameroon, we aimed to determine the genetic diversity and differentiation of several P. africana populations in the western provinces, using sets of chloroplast DNA markers and nuclear microsatellites previously developed for Prunus species. Genetic diversity in the observed populations was considerable and genetic differentiation between populations proved substantial with 21% of the total observed variation detected among populations, revealing a distinct genetic structure among certain populations. However, the lack of correlation between genetic and geographic distances does not support isolation by distance (IBD). The analysis of chloroplast DNA haplotypes revealed no strong phylogeographic component in the genetic structure observed in the western populations of P. africana in Cameroon. The outcome of this study will contribute to improve the genetic characterization of P. africana for its better domestication and conservation in the Cameroon agroforestry system.

Genetic differentiation of Sorbus torminalis in Eastern Europe as determined by microsatellite markers

Biologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Kučerová ◽  
Martin Honec ◽  
Ladislav Paule ◽  
Petar Zhelev ◽  
Dušan Gömöry
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hand Model ◽  
Sorbus Torminalis ◽  
Nuclear Microsatellite

AbstractThe genetic variation in fourteen Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. populations distributed over the eastern and south-eastern part of its range was studied using seven nuclear microsatellite loci. The differentiation level was relatively high (F ST = 0.228), as expected for a species with a fragmented range. The distance-based approach to the analysis of differentiation patterns (neighbour-joining tree based on pairwise coefficients of differentiation) did not reveal a clear geographical structure. On the other hand, model-based Bayesian methods (BAPS and STRUCTURE) gave geographically continuous clusters of populations. The occurrence of populations deviating strongly from the general pattern is attributed to founder effect. In spite of a generally high differentiation, a significant isolation-by-distance pattern was found, which might be a consequence of postglacial migration and gene flow among descendants of different refugia.

scholarly journals The Chloroplast DNA Polymorphisms of White Oaks of Section Quercus in The Central Balkans

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Slade ◽  
Ž. Škvorc ◽  
D. Ballian ◽  
J. Gračan ◽  
D. Papes
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dna Polymorphisms ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
South Eastern Europe

Abstract A total of 444 oak trees from 110 populations from a previously under-sampled area in the central Balkans were analysed using four primer/enzyme combinations which amplified and restricted four, largely non-coding regions of the maternally inherited chloroplast DNA. Using the nomenclature of PETIT et al. (2002 a) to classify the haplotypes and lineages, the seven haplotypes that were found in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and southern Kosovo consisted of haplotypes 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 31, as well as the subtypes of haplotypes 4 (a), 5 (a, b, c), and 17 (a). Five of these haplotypes belong to lineage A. One of these, haplotype 5, is present throughout the sampled area. The distributions of the other haplotypes from this lineage are more geographically structured. The other two haplotypes, haplotype 2 and haplotype 17, belong to lineages C and E, respectively. The data are combined with previous data by PETIT et al. (2002 b) to provide more detailed information of the postglacial routes of colonisation taken by oaks in south-eastern Europe.

scholarly journals Nuclear microsatellites reveal population genetic structuring and fine-scale pattern of hybridization in the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10270
Author(s):  
Jiao Cheng ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Zhongli Sha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Mantis Shrimp ◽  
Oratosquilla Oratoria ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
Discharge Temperature

The interplay between historical and contemporary processes can produce complex patterns of genetic differentiation in the marine realm. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear sequence analyses revealed cryptic speciation in the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria. Herein, we applied nuclear microsatellite markers to examine patterns and causes of genetic differentiation in this morphotaxon. Population structure analyses revealed two genetically divergent and geographically structured clades in O. oratoria, one dominating the temperate zone of the Northwestern (NW) Pacific and the other occurring in the subtropical and tropical waters where are influenced by the Kuroshio Current. Two sympatric zones, one around the Changjiang Estuary in China coast and the other in the northern Japan Sea, were demonstrated to be hybrid zones where introgressive hybridization occurred asymmetrically. The interaction between historical climate shifts and contemporary factors (e.g., freshwater discharge, temperature gradient and isolation by distance) may contribute to the present-day genetic architecture in the Japanese mantis shrimp. Range shift induced by climate changes and oceanographic factors may promote hybridization and gene flow between the O. oratoria complex. Our results provide insights into the interacting mechanisms that give rise to diversification and speciation of coastal species in the NW Pacific.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

‘Newness which never perishes’? Schoenberg’s ambivalent reception of Haydn

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Alexander Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Music Tradition

This paper explores Arnold Schoenberg’s curious ambivalence towards Haydn. Schoenberg recognized Haydn as an important figure in the German serious music tradition, but never closely examined or clearly articulated Haydn’s influence and import on his own musical style and ethos, as he did with many other major composers. This paper argues that Schoenberg failed to explicitly recognize Haydn as a major influence because he saw Haydn as he saw himself, namely as a somewhat ungainly, paradoxical figure, with one foot in the past and one in the future. In his voluminous writings on music, Haydn is mentioned by Schoenberg far less frequently than Bach, Mozart, or Beethoven, and his music appears rarely as examples in Schoenberg’s theoretical texts. When Schoenberg does talk about Haydn’s music, he invokes — with tacit negativity — its accessibility, counterpoising it with more recondite music, such as Beethoven’s, or his own. On the other hand, Schoenberg also praises Haydn for his complex, irregular phrasing and harmonic exploration. Haydn thus appears in Schoenberg’s writings as a figure invested with ambivalence: a key member of the First Viennese triumvirate, but at the same time he is curiously phantasmal, and is accorded a peripheral place in Schoenberg’s version of the canon and his own musical genealogy.

Economic Performance and Public Finance in Kenya, 1960-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kempe Ronald Hope
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Real Growth

Countries with positive per capita real growth are characterised by positive national savings—including government savings, increases in government investment, and strong increases in private savings and investment. On the other hand, countries with negative per capita real growth tend to be characterised by declines in savings and investment. During the past several decades, Kenya’s emerging economy has undergone many changes and economic performance has been epitomised by periods of stability, decline, or unevenness. This article discusses and analyses the record of economic performance and public finance in Kenya during the period 1960‒2010, as well as policies and other factors that have influenced that record in this emerging economy. 

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