Endophytic fungi in leaves of ericaceous plants

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Okane ◽  
A Nakagiri ◽  
T Ito
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fungal Invasion ◽  
Fungal Succession ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Fungal Assemblages ◽  
Fallen Leaves

Endophytic fungal assemblages were investigated in different leaf stages of eight species of Ericaceae (six species of Rhododendron, Enkianthus perulatus, and Pieris japonica). Guignardia sp. (anamorph: Phyllosticta sp.), Phomopsis sp., and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were found in the leaves of all plants. The frequency of Guignardia sp. was highest in senescent leaves, while in young leaves it was lower than those of Phomopsis sp., and C. gloeosporioides. Discostroma tricellulare was isolated in high frequency from the leaves of Rhododendron obtusum. The colonization frequencies of these endophytic fungi on fallen leaves decreased as the leaves became old, while those of Pestalotiopsis, Alternaria, and others increased after the leaves fell. No significant differences were found among the compositions of endophytic fungal assemblages on ericaceous plants at the site investigated. It was considered that the endophytic fungi infect young leaves and remain latent in the leaves without producing symptoms while the hosts are physiologically active. Discostroma tricellulare was considered to be specific for R. obtusum. The colonization frequencies of the endophytic fungi were clearly lower on the leaves of P. japonica than on those of the other plants. It is considered that asebotoxin, which is known to be toxic to animals and insects, and other secondary metabolites retard fungal invasion in P. japonica.Key words: endophytic fungi, ericaceous plants, fungal succession.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi on Cocoa Plant (Theobroma cacao L.) and Antagonist Activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 419-430
Author(s):  
Zaedar A. Rosmana ◽  
T. Kuswinanti Nasaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Anthracnose disease which is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungi becomes a resistor factor in cocoa production. Infect on young leaves creates leaf blight, consequently those leaves can die completely or only several parts starting from leaf blade and then fall, but infection at mature leaves spots appear in random border form and leave hole in the same location. Branches with infected leaves will experience die back and look like a broom, in the other side, infection at young fruit turns fruit to be dried and wrinkled while at mature fruits showed dried and rotten tips. This research is aimed at finding potential endophytic fungi from cocoa plant that can resist the growth of pathogenic fungi, C. gloeosporioides which cause anthracnose on cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L). Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi on cocoa plant from Banggai district in Central Sulawesi results showed 10 isolates of endopphytic fungi: 2 isolates from leaves organ isolation; 4 isolates from stem; and 4 isolates from fruit pod. They both identified morphologically and macroscopically and found to have similarity to Trichoderma sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergilus sp that has resistance capability against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides colony through antagonist mechanism marked by the presence of resistance zone. Trichodermasp demonstrated the highest percentage at isolate G in 56,92%.

An ecological study about assemblages of endophytic fungi in Acer macrophyllum in British Columbia: in search of candidate mycoherbicides

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1397-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Sieber ◽  
Charles E. Dorworth
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fungal Ecology ◽  
Acer Macrophyllum ◽  
Fungal Assemblages ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Healthy 2- to 3-year-old twig pieces with adherent foliage were collected from 3- to 10-year-old Acer macrophyllum at seven sites in coastal British Columbia and examined for the presence of endophytic fungi. Eighty-three percent of the leaves and 52% of the twigs were colonized by endophytic fungi. Fungal assemblages of leaves were dominated by Phomopsis spp., whereas Diplodina acerina was most frequently isolated from twigs. Cryptosporiopsis abietina, Glomerella cingulata (with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides anamorph), and Phomopsis spp. also occurred quite frequently in twigs at some sites. No correlations between weather conditions and any of the endophyte species were detected. Diplodina acerina and G. cingulata were the only two species with a certain potential to be employed as mycoherbicides: D. acerina is distributed over most of its hosts' range, and frequency and density of colonization are high among and within trees and some degree of virulence is present; some formae speciales of G. cingulata are already used as mycoherbicides. Key words: endophytic fungi, mycoherbicides, Diplodina acerina, Colletotrichum, fungal ecology.

scholarly journals Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi: novel antifungal activity of fumiquinone B

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e48785
Author(s):  
Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto ◽  
Ana Maria Lima Correia ◽  
Wolf-Rainer Abraham ◽  
Andre Rodrigues ◽  
Marco Antonio Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Diaporthe Phaseolorum ◽  
First Time

Fungi are present in the most diverse environments including the interior of plant tissues, living as endophytes without causing apparent damage. These endophytes are producers of secondary metabolites, also known as natural products, such as fungicides. Here, we evaluated the ethyl acetate fractions obtained from endophytic fungi isolated from plants in the genus Begonia. The fractions were submitted to inhibitory test against the plant pathogens Diaporthe phaseolorum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. From the 88 ethyl acetate fractions evaluated, 14.7 % inhibited C. gloeosporioides and 11.3 % inhibited D. phaseolorum. One fungal isolate displaying an active fraction was selected for chemical investigation. The fungus identified as Neopestalotiopsis sp., produced a compound that was active against D. phaseolorum, with a MIC of 312 µg mL-1 (1,695.3 µM). The compound was identified by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR as the known compound fumiquinone B. The results highlight that the endophytes are capable of producing compounds that may be used to control plant pathogens. The compound fumiquinone B is reported for the first time as an antifungal agent against D. phaseolorum, a relevant plant pathogen worldwide. This is also the first report of the production of fumiquinone B by the genus Neopestalotiopsis.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1836-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ancheeva ◽  
Georgios Daletos ◽  
Peter Proksch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Genes

Background: Endophytes represent a complex community of microorganisms colonizing asymptomatically internal tissues of higher plants. Several reports have shown that endophytes enhance the fitness of their host plants by direct production of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are involved in protecting the host against herbivores and pathogenic microbes. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that endophytes are able to biosynthesize medicinally important “phytochemicals”, originally believed to be produced only by their host plants. Objective: The present review provides an overview of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi with pronounced biological activities covering the literature between 2010 and 2017. Special focus is given on studies aiming at exploration of the mode of action of these metabolites towards the discovery of leads from endophytic fungi. Moreover, this review critically evaluates the potential of endophytic fungi as alternative sources of bioactive “plant metabolites”. Results: Over the past few years, several promising lead structures from endophytic fungi have been described in the literature. In this review, 65 metabolites are outlined with pronounced biological activities, primarily as antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. Some of these metabolites have shown to be highly selective or to possess novel mechanisms of action, which hold great promises as potential drug candidates. Conclusion: Endophytes represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pharmacologically important compounds. Moreover, endophytic fungi could be exploited for the sustainable production of bioactive “plant metabolites” in the future. Towards this aim, further insights into the dynamic endophyte - host plant interactions and origin of endophytic fungal genes would be of utmost importance.

scholarly journals Chance or Necessity—The Fungi Co−Occurring with Formica polyctena Ants

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Igor Siedlecki ◽  
Michał Gorczak ◽  
Alicja Okrasińska ◽  
Marta Wrzosek
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formica Polyctena ◽  
Ant Nests ◽  
Mutualistic Fungi ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Better Than

Studies on carton nesting ants and domatia−dwelling ants have shown that ant–fungi interactions may be much more common and widespread than previously thought. Until now, studies focused predominantly on parasitic and mutualistic fungi–ant interactions occurring mostly in the tropics, neglecting less−obvious interactions involving the fungi common in ants’ surroundings in temperate climates. In our study, we characterized the mycobiota of the surroundings of Formica polyctena ants by identifying nearly 600 fungal colonies that were isolated externally from the bodies of F. polyctena workers. The ants were collected from mounds found in northern and central Poland. Isolated fungi were assigned to 20 genera via molecular identification (ITS rDNA barcoding). Among these, Penicillium strains were the most frequent, belonging to eight different taxonomic sections. Other common and widespread members of Eurotiales, such as Aspergillus spp., were isolated very rarely. In our study, we managed to characterize the genera of fungi commonly present on F. polyctena workers. Our results suggest that Penicillium, Trichoderma, Mucor, Schwanniomyces and Entomortierella are commonly present in F. polyctena surroundings. Additionally, the high diversity and high frequency of Penicillium colonies isolated from ants in this study suggest that representatives of this genus may be adapted to survive in ant nests environment better than the other fungal groups, or that they are preferentially sustained by the insects in nests.

Normal Synaptonemal Complex and Abnormal Recombination Nodules in Two Alleles of the Drosophila Meiotic Mutant mei-W68

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelaide T C Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Synaptonemal Complex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Recombination Nodules ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Serial Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Section Electron Microscopy

Abstract The meiotic phenotypes of two mutant alleles of the mei-W68 gene, 1 and L1, were studied by genetics and by serial-section electron microscopy. Despite no or reduced exchange, both mutant alleles have normal synaptonemal complex. However, neither has any early recombination nodules; instead, both exhibit high numbers of very long (up to 2 μm) structures here named “noodles.” These are hypothesized to be formed by the unchecked extension of identical but much shorter structures ephemerally seen in wild type, which may be precursors of early recombination nodules. Although the mei-W68L1 allele is identical to the mei-W681 allele in both the absence of early recombination nodules and a high frequency of noodles (i.e., it is amorphic for the noodle phene), it is hypomorphic in its effects on exchange and late recombination nodules. The differential effects of this allele on early and late recombination nodules are consistent with the hypothesis that Drosophila females have two separate recombination pathways—one for simple gene conversion, the other for exchange.

LONG DURATION ECHOES FROM AURORA, METEORS, AND IONOSPHERIC BACK-SCATTER

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. R. McKinley ◽  
Peter M. Millman
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
E Region ◽  
Very High ◽  
Visual Observations

In the course of the Ottawa meteor program some unusual echoes have been detected on 33 Mc. Echoes from the aurora are discussed and correlated with visual observations. Two mechanisms of radio reflections from the aurora have been proposed but the data here presented are insufficient to favor one over the other. On Aug. 4, 1948, six extremely long duration meteor echoes were observed which may have been due to abnormal ionospheric conditions. From time to time since August, 1948, a weak semipermanent echo has been recorded, usually appearing at a range of about 80 km., and enduring up to an hour. It is suggested that this echo is due to back-scatter from the same sources in the lower E-region that are presumed to be responsible for long-range very high frequency propagation.

scholarly journals Transduction mechanisms of bacteriophage ε15I. General properties of the system

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Hedges
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Recipient Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Donor Strain ◽  
General Properties ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Transduction Mechanisms ◽  
Defective Prophage

SUMMARYBacteriophageεγis capable of transduction both by replacement of a genetic segment of the recipient by the homologous genetic material from the donor strain and by the formation of defective transducing particles capable of lysogenizing the recipient strain ofS. anatum.The isolation of strains carrying such prophages, which have incorporated the lactose or arabinose operons, is reported. Lysogenic strains, carrying both normal and defective transducing prophage, form high-frequency transducing lysates. Other strains, carrying only defective prophage, show evidence that the association of prophage genes and transduced materials is stable since the loss of one frequently entails loss of the other.

Relative clauses in Agul from a corpus-based perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-158
Author(s):  
Timur Maisak
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Syntactic Restrictions ◽  
Locative Case

AbstractThis paper gives an account of participial clauses in Agul (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on a sample of 858 headed noun-modifying clauses taken from two text corpora, one spoken and one written. Noun-modifying clauses in Agul do not show syntactic restrictions on what can be relativized, and hence they instantiate the type known as GNMCCs, or general noun-modifying clause constructions. As the text counts show, intransitive verbs are more frequent than transitives and experiencer verbs in participial clauses, and among intransitive verbs, locative statives with the roots ‘be’ and ‘stay, remain’ account for half of all the uses. The asymmetry between the different relativization targets is also significant. Among the core arguments, the intransitive subject (S) is the most frequent target, patient (P) occupies second place, and agent (A) is comparatively rare. The preference of S and, in general, of S and P over A also holds true for most other Nakh-Daghestanian languages for which comparable counts are available. At the same time, Agul stands apart from the other languages by its high ratio of non-core relativization which accounts for 42% of all participial clauses. Addressee, arguments and adjuncts encoded with a locative case, as well as more general place and time relativizations show especially high frequency, outnumbering such arguments as experiencers, recipients, and predicative and adnominal possessors. Possible reasons for the high ratio of non-argument relativization are discussed in the paper.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document