Continuing variation in successive asexual generations of Phytophthora cinnamomi following sexual reproduction

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1181-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Zheng ◽  
W. H. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Type A ◽  
Colony Type ◽  
Uniform Pattern ◽  
Parental Type ◽  
Respective Parent ◽  
Different Types

Colony-type stability of asexual progeny of selfed-oospore cultures of Phytophthora cinnamomi was investigated. Progeny were divided into parental type A, types B to E for those different from type A but with a distinct uniform pattern, and type M for those with the overlapping appearance of two different types. Colonies derived from three successive zoospore generations of isolate P630 were of the same parental A type. However, colonies from oospores of the same isolate consisted of types A, B, C, D, E, and M. Some of the oospore cultures of type A or B and all the type M oospore cultures produced zoospores containing more than one type. Oospore cultures of types C, D, or E that were tested produced zoospores with the same colony type as their respective parent. Among the five cultures randomly selected from asexual progeny produced by oospore isolates P630-21 and P630-6, four displayed continuing variation in colony type in the three to five successive zoospore generations tested. Keywords: asexual variation, continuing variation, Phytophthora cinnamomi, sexual reproduction.

Estimation of Rainfall Based on the Results of Polarimetric Echo Classification

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 2445-2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Giangrande ◽  
Alexander V. Ryzhkov
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
New Method ◽  
Polarimetric Radar ◽  
Rainfall Estimation ◽  
Radar Rainfall ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rms Error ◽  
Radar Resolution ◽  
Rainfall Estimates

Abstract The quality of polarimetric radar rainfall estimation is investigated for a broad range of distances from the polarimetric prototype of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). The results of polarimetric echo classification have been integrated into the study to investigate the performance of radar rainfall estimation contingent on hydrometeor type. A new method for rainfall estimation that capitalizes on the results of polarimetric echo classification (EC method) is suggested. According to the EC method, polarimetric rainfall relations are utilized if the radar resolution volume is filled with rain (or rain and hail), and multiple R(Z) relations are used for different types of frozen hydrometeors. The intercept parameters in the R(Z) relations for each class are determined empirically from comparisons with gauges. It is shown that the EC method exhibits better performance than the conventional WSR-88D algorithm with a reduction by a factor of 1.5–2 in the rms error of 1-h rainfall estimates up to distances of 150 km from the radar.

The Sounds of Word Roots Represent Process Control Flowcharts

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-80
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Type A ◽  
Control Flow ◽  
General Process ◽  
Arabic Word ◽  
Different Types

In this chapter, the authors introduce the basic deep semantics of Arabic word roots. Since a word root consists of multiple sounds and each sound represents a divine general process type, a word root represents a divine process control flowchart. There are different types of divine process control flow which will be discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Housing Condition of Coastal Area in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Kutubdia, Cox’s Bazaar

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mohiuddin ◽  
MB Latif
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type B ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hygienic Measures

This study was conducted to determine the contamination of E. coli and Salmonella for different types of foods in Chittagong city area. In case of laboratory examination, almost half (49.58%) of the samples were contaminated where 28.75% positive for E. coli. and 20.83% for Salmonella. The positive cases for type A sample was 20 out of 96 constituting 20.83% whereas the positive cases for type B sample was 49 out of 144 constituting 34.03% for E. coli. The positive cases of type A sample was 15 out of 96 making up 15.63% and for type B sample was 35 out of 144 making up 24.31% for Salmonella.A chi-square (?2) test was used to examine the equality of observed proportions for E. coli and Salmonella of each item of both types of food where significant difference among the observed proportion for E. coli (p-value<0.01) and Salmonella (p-value=0.032) for different items of A type and for E. coli (p-value<0.01) for different items of B type were observed and an odds ratio (OR) was measured for association between exposure and outcome where the probability of contaminated by E. coli of type B food is higher than contaminated of type A food (OR= 1.96 and CI:1.07-3.58). The probability of contaminated by Salmonella of type B food was higher than type A food (OR= 1.73 and CI: 0.89-3.39).The comparatively high bacteria in type B samples indicated contamination from water, practice of inadequate hygienic measures, mishandling, improper storage, inadequate cooking and above all unhygienic condition of the retail shops.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22034 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 15-20 2013

Mating type segregation in Choanephora cucurbitarum following sexual reproduction

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Q. Yu ◽  
W. H. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Respective Parent ◽  
Choanephora Cucurbitarum ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Hyphal Fragment

Zygospore progeny from the cross between + and − isolates of Choanephora cucurbitarum consisted of +, −, and ± types. The + and − zygospore isolates were stable, giving rise to hyphal fragment cultures and sporangiospores with the same mating type as their respective parent. However, the ± zygospore isolates were unstable, segregating to +, −, and ± types during asexual propagations. During long-term storage, the + and − isolates were also very stable, but ± isolates were not. All the ± isolates originating from single zygospores, hyphal fragments, or sporangiospores produced azygospores, suggesting that azygospores of this fungus are produced by mating-type heterokaryotic mycelia. Keywords: azygospore, Choanephora cucurbitarum, germsporangiospore, germsporangium, zygospore germination.

The anatomy and interpretation of an Archean volcaniclastic sequence, Noranda region, Quebec

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 874-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normand Tassé ◽  
Jean Lajoie ◽  
Erich Dimroth
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Pyroclastic Rocks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vertical Variations ◽  
Bed Thickness

Archean pyroclastic rocks at Reneault and D'Alembert in the Noranda region are composed of crystals and lithic, vitric and pumiceous fragments. The pyroclastic rocks contain two types of beds, whose primary structure sequences and other characteristics show that the deposits accumulated from different types of density flows. The first bed-type (A) is characterized by greater bed-thickness, reverse grading and the coarsest fragments in the deposit. Closest to source, the primary structure sequence in Type A beds is indicative of deposition from debris flows, but in more distal sections it suggests deposition from turbulent suspensions. The second bed-type (B) is characterized by a smaller fragment size, thinner beds, normal grading and the presence of parallel and (or) oblique stratifications. The primary structure sequence in Type B beds is similar to that observed in turbidites, which suggests deposition from turbulent suspensions of low density.Lateral and vertical variations of grain size, bed thickness and structure sequences indicate that the vent was south of Reneault and that the volcanic activity increased with time. Pillowed flows both underlie and overlie the pyroclastic units which suggests accumulation under water, but there is evidence that some eruptions were subaerial.

scholarly journals Influence of Different Types of Recombination Active Defects on the Integral Electrical Properties of Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Lausch ◽  
Christian Hagendorf
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Type A ◽  
Crystal Defects ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Si Solar Cells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

In this contribution the influence of different types of recombination-active defects on the integral electrical properties of multicrystalline Si solar cells is investigated. Based on a previous classification scheme related to the luminescence behavior of crystal defects, Type-A and Type-B defects are locally distinguished. It is shown that Type-A defects, correlated to iron contaminations, are dominating the efficiency by more than 20% relative through their impact on the short circuit current ISC and open circuit voltage VOC in standard Si material (only limited by recombination active crystal defects). Contrarily, Type-B defects show low influence on the efficiency of 3% relative. The impact of the detrimental Type-A defects on the electrical parameters is studied as a function of the block height. A clear correlation between the area fraction of Type-A defects and both the global Isc and the prebreakdown behavior (reverse current) in voltage regime-2 (−11 V) is observed. An outlier having an increased full-area recombination activity is traced back to dense inter- and intragrain nucleation of Fe precipitates. Based on these results it is concluded that Type-A defects are the most detrimental defects in Si solar cells (having efficiencies > 15%) and have to be prevented by optimized Si material quality and solar cell process conditions.

scholarly journals Border Structures in Arthurian Manuscript BNF, fr. 95 as an Expression of the Artist’s mente propria

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Miha Zor
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Column Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right

The paper analyses the stylistic and compositional characteristics of borders in a manuscript consisting of the first two romances of the Lancelot-Graal Cycle (Estoire del saint Graal, Merlin with Suite Vulgate) and two non-Arthurian texts (Le Roman de sept sages, Pénitence Adam). Two different types of borders are present, and in the article they are named type A and type B. They were employed with regard to the position of the miniature in the page: where the miniature appears in the left column, type A was used, and where it appears in the right column, type B was employed. The borders of type A embrace the text from three sides: the vertical border runs along the left column, and both horizontal ones spread over the space of both textual columns. In the case of type B, the vertical border runs along the right side of the right column, that is between the two columns, but closer to the right one; on the top and bottom, horizontal borders spring from the centre to both sides (over both columns). Certain compositions make it possible to assume that the main illuminator or the planner of the overall appearance of the manuscript was actively present also as far as the borders are concerned. Other details – e.g. gold background when two figures form contact with their bodies, and the lack of such a background, when they do not touch or touch only with their weapons – may testify to a personal intervention of the practising artist, and this may be characterized as a stylistic trait revealing his mente propria.

Isozyme Variability in Field Populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Old ◽  
MJ Dudzinski ◽  
JC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Enzyme Loci ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Isozyme Variability ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Isozyme characteristics of 280 isolates from populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native veg- etation in six locations in south-eastern Australia were examined at 19 enzyme loci. No new enzyme genotypic arrays were identified as compared with earlier samplings. This work indicates that the low variability for P. cinnamomi in Australia obtained in earlier work, from separate isolates in a wide range of locations, is paralleled in detailed population samples in south-eastern Australia. At one location, A1 and A2 mating types coexisted in soil samples. The lack of recombinants in these population samples suggests an absence of sexual reproduction in the field.

A Numerical Study on Mechanical Performance and Hemolysis for Different Types of Centrifugal Blood Pumps

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minwook Chang ◽  
Nahmkeon Hur ◽  
Mohammad Moshfeghi ◽  
Seongwon Kang ◽  
Wonjung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Type A ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Type D ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Blood Pumps ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Impeller Type

Centrifugal blood pumps have to be considered from both mechanical and biomechanical aspects. While, evaluations of mechanical factors, such as performance curve, are straightforward, biomechanical parameters, such as hemolysis indices, are still indistinct. Hence, different mathematical models and computational methods have been employed for the evaluation of hemolysis indices. This article aims to investigate four different types of centrifugal blood pumps from both mechanical and biomechanical aspects. The pumps are cone-type impeller (Type-A), channel-type impeller with shroud (Type-B), open impeller without shroud (Type-C) and shrouded impeller-type (Type-D). The CFD simulations are conducted using standard k-ε turbulence model in multiple reference frame (MRF) method. Various values for rotational speed and flow rate are studied. The streamlines clearly show the effects of impeller geometry on flow patterns. It is also demonstrated that in all of the models, the areas of the recirculation have high value of von Mises stress. In addition, the effect of the volute in the Type-D on the pressure distribution and streamline smoothness is clearly observed. In another part, the modified index of hemolysis (MIH) calculated based on Eulerian approach is investigated for three predefined conditions of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), ventricular assist device (VAD), and full-load. The results reveal that the Type-A and Type-D have the highest and lowest MIH values, respectively in all of the predefined conditions. In addition, all of the pumps generate lower amount of hemolysis when they are operated in VAD condition.

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