Isozyme diversity among hard pine stem rust fungi in the western United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1058-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Vogler ◽  
F. W. Cobb Jr. ◽  
B. W. Geils ◽  
D. L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Species Groups

Isozyme analysis was used to determine species relationships and diversity among stem rust fungi (Cronartium and Peridermium spp.) infecting hard pines (subg. Pinus) in the western United States. Electrophoresis was carried out on aeciospore extracts of 270 hard pine stem rust isolates representing nine species and forms. Consistent banding patterns (electromorphs interpreted as phenotypes) were obtained for all isolates at 11 enzyme loci. Within species groups, multilocus phenotypes were diverse at several loci. Nevertheless, each species exhibited a unique set of phenotypes that distinguished it from all others. For diagnostic purposes, banding patterns from just two loci were sufficient to distinguish all species and most forms or races examined. Two taxa that were thought to be forms of existing species may be new, undescribed species. For comparison with western hard pine stem rusts, multilocus phenotypes were determined for 13 additional isolates of four related pine stem rust species. Phenotypes for all rust species were analyzed in all possible combinations using pairwise distance analysis (neighbor-joining). When Cronartium ribicola is treated as the outgroup, the resulting phenogram groups all 72 multilocus phenotypes into distinct species clades. Origins of autoecious, short-cycled Peridermium spp. may be inferred from their placements relative to macrocyclic, heteroecious Cronartium spp. Keywords: Cronartium, Peridermium, species diversity, species relationships.

scholarly journals Putative novel avian paramyxoviruses identified from wild bird surveillance (United States, 2016?2018) and retrospective analysis of APMV-2s and APMV-6s in GenBank

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Young ◽  
Jazz Q Stephens ◽  
Rebecca Lynne Poulson ◽  
David Stallknecht ◽  
Kiril M Dimitrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
The World

Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) (subfamily Avulavirinae) have been isolated from over 200 species of wild and domestic birds from around the world. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) currently defines 22 different APMV species, with Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (whose viruses are designated as APMV-1) being the most frequently studied due to its economic burden to the poultry industry. Less is known about other APMV species, including limited knowledge on the genetic diversity in wild birds and there is a paucity of public whole genome sequences for APMV-2 to -22. The goal of this study was to use MinION sequencing to genetically characterize APMVs isolated from wild bird swab samples collected during 2016–2018 in the United States. Multiplexed MinION libraries were prepared using a random strand-switching approach using 37 egg-cultured, influenza-negative, hemagglutination-positive samples. Thirty-five APMV isolates that had complete polymerase coding sequences were speciated using ICTV’s current Paramyxoviridae phylogenetic methodology. Viruses from APMV-1, -4, -6, -8 were classified, one putative novel species (Avian orthoavulavirus 23) was identified from viruses isolated in this study, two putative new APMV species (Avian metaavulavirus 24 and 27) were identified from viruses isolated in this study and from retrospective GenBank sequences, and two putative new APMV species (Avian metaavulavirus 25 and 26) were identified solely from retrospective GenBank sequences. Furthermore, co-infections of APMVs were identified in a subset of the samples. The potential limitations of the branch length being the only speciation criterion and the potential benefit of a group pairwise distance analysis are discussed.

scholarly journals Three new Leptographium species associated with conifer roots in the United States

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Thomas C. Harrington ◽  
Pedro W. Crous
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Three New Species

Leptographium species are most commonly known as anamorphs of Ophiostoma and are usually associated with insects that infest trees. Three new species of Leptographium were isolated from conifer roots in various parts of the United States. These three species differ from described species both morphologically and on the basis of their allozyme banding patterns. Leptographium albopini occurs both in the eastern and western United States on white pine hosts, while Leptographium douglasii occurs commonly in the western United Sates and has been found only on Pseudotsuga menziesii. Leptrographium neomexicanus occurs in the southwestern United States and has thus far only been collected from Pinus ponderosa. Key words : Leptographium albopini, Leptographium douglasii, Leptographium neomexicanus, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, systematics, root infesting insects.

scholarly journals Taxonomy of the New World bee genus Agapostemon Guérin-Méneville – new names and synonymies (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory S. Sheffield ◽  
Lars Vilhelmsen ◽  
Frederique Bakker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New World ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Junior Secondary ◽  
Dark Colour ◽  
Species Groups

Many early taxonomic works on North American bees were published by Europeans using specimens collected in the New World, some with type locations so imprecise that uncertainty on the nomenclatural status remains to this day. Two examples come from Fabricius (1745–1808) who described Andrena virescens Fabricius, 1775 and Apis viridula Fabricius, 1793 from “America” and “Boreal America”, respectively. The former species of Agapostemon Guérin-Méneville, 1844 occurs across most of the United States and southern Canada, the latter presumed an endemic to Cuba. The type materials of these two taxa have never been compared to each other, though a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis placed both in distinct species groups. Here we synonymize Apis viridula under Ag. virescens, thereby making Ag. femoralis (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) available as the name for the Cuban species. A lectotype for Ag. femoralis (the type species for the genus Agapostemon) is hereby designated to stabilize this taxonomy. We also synonymize Ag. obscuratus Cresson, 1869 under Ag. femoralis, suggesting that it represents a dark colour polymorphism. As Ag. cubensis Roberts, 1972 is a junior secondary homonym of Ag. cubensis (Spinola, 1851), we offer Ag. robertsi as a replacement name for the former.

Writing Time in Metaphors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Space Race ◽  
Do So

Coherence of place often exists alongside irregularities in time in cycles, and chapter three turns to cycles linked by temporal markers. Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles (1950) follows a linear chronology and describes the exploration, conquest, and repopulation of Mars by humans. Conversely, Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine (1984) jumps back and forth across time to narrate the lives of interconnected families in the western United States. Bradbury’s cycle invokes a confluence of historical forces—time as value-laden, work as a calling, and travel as necessitating standardized time—and contextualizes them in relation to anxieties about the space race. Erdrich’s cycle invokes broader, oppositional conceptions of time—as recursive and arbitrary and as causal and meaningful—to depict time as implicated in an entire system of measurement that made possible the destruction and exploitation of the Chippewa people. Both volumes understand the United States to be preoccupied with imperialist impulses. Even as they critique such projects, they also point to the tenacity with which individuals encounter these systems, and they do so by creating “interstitial temporalities,” which allow them to navigate time at the crossroads of language and culture.

Women's Studies in the Western United States

NWSA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-189
Author(s):  
Karen L. Salley ◽  
Barbara Scott Winkler ◽  
Megan Celeen ◽  
Heidi Meck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Women's Studies ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Women’S Studies
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