Arbuscular mycorrhizae of Acer saccharum in different soil types

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1824-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Klironomos
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Hyphal Coils ◽  
Spore Densities

Differences in propagule levels and in the colonization of Acer saccharum feeder roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in maple forests distributed across three different soil types (brunisols, luvisols, podzols) were investigated. All forest stands were located in southern Ontario. Acer saccharum was the dominant tree species, making up at least 75% of all trees. Results show that arbuscular mycorrhizae can dominate in different soil types, even in podzolic soils with moder-type humus, which typically support ectomycorrhizal associations. In fact, total hyphal colonization of A. saccharum roots and the capacity of the soil to initiate infection units were highest in the podzolic soils compared with those in brunisolic and luvisolic soils. In brunisolic soils, the roots exhibited high arbuscular colonization, low coil colonization, low vesicular colonization, and relatively moderate sporulation levels. In luvisolic soils, colonization was similar to that of brunisols; however, spore densities were lower. Roots in podzolic soils showed very different trends, with a low occurrence of arbuscules, high levels of hyphal coils and vesicles, and much higher spore densities. Soil type can account for much of the variability in arbuscular mycorrhizal structure and functioning that occurs among different locations. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizae, Acer saccharum, brunisol, luvisol, podzol.

scholarly journals Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a Zoysia tenuifolia lawn

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-701
Author(s):  
Xiaoge Han ◽  
Changchao Xu ◽  
Yutao Wang ◽  
Dan Huang ◽  
Qiang Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Spore Densities

AbstractWeed invasion is a prevailing problem in modestly managed lawns. Less attention has been given to the exploration of the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under different invasion pressures from lawn weeds. We conducted a four-season investigation into a Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Thiele (native turfgrass)–threeflower beggarweed [Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.] (invasive weed) co-occurring lawn. The root mycorrhizal colonizations of the two plants, the soil AM fungal communities and the spore densities under five different coverage levels of D. triflorum were investigated. Desmodium triflorum showed significantly higher root hyphal and vesicular colonizations than those of Z. tenuifolia, while the root colonizations of both species varied significantly among seasons. The increased coverage of D. triflorum resulted in the following effects: (1) the spore density initially correlated with mycorrhizal colonizations of Z. tenuifolia but gradually correlated with those of D. triflorum. (2) Correlations among soil properties, spore densities, and mycorrhizal colonizations were more pronounced in the higher coverage levels. (3) Soil AMF community compositions and relative abundances of AMF operational taxonomic units changed markedly in response to the increased invasion pressure. The results provide strong evidence that D. triflorum possessed a more intense AMF infection than Z. tenuifolia, thus giving rise to the altered host contributions to sporulation, soil AMF communities, relations of soil properties, spore densities, and root colonizations of the two plants, all of which are pivotal for the successful invasion of D. triflorum in lawns.

Soil pH-induced changes in root colonization, diversity, and reproduction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from healthy and declining maple forests

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Coughlan ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Line Lapointe ◽  
Yves Piché
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Spore Population

Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) is one of only few arbuscular mycorrhizal trees to form extensive stands in northern temperate biomes. Recent maple decline could result from altered intensity and quality of root colonization by associated mycobionts or possible shifts in symbiotic fungal community composition following environmental stresses. In this study the effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of soil acidification, one of several proposed causal stresses underlying forest decline, and remedial liming were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Acer saccharum seedlings were grown in unsterilized, pH altered, forest soils from healthy and declining maple stands. Over a range of treatment pHs normally tolerated by A. saccharum, fungal populations and responses to pH changes differed between the two soils. The declining site with more acidic soil had an initially larger spore population but lower taxonomic diversity than the healthy site. However, liming stimulated sporulation of several taxa initially apparently absent from the declining site spore population. The quantity of colonization generally increased with pH for both sites. Five Glomus taxa and Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders are added to the list of fungi known to form arbuscular mycorrhizas with A. saccharum, and the known range of Acaulospora cavernata Blaszkowski is extended from Poland to eastern North America.

Advance and Prospect of Mycorrhizal Physic Nut

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 5381-5384
Author(s):  
Song Mei Shi ◽  
Bo Tu ◽  
Dai Jun Liu ◽  
Xiao Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Gene Engineering ◽  
Energy Plant

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn., Euphorbiaceae) is one of the hottest biomass energy plant studied by scientists. This paper first reviewed the symbiosis relationship between physic nut and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The researches have showed that diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) exists around the rhizosphere of physic nut. The AMF hyphae colonize root tips of physic nut to develop arbuscular mycorrhizae. The construction of mycorrhizal symbiosis relationship improves the nutritional absorption, promotes the growth and development of seedlings, and enhance the stress tolerance capacity of physic nut. This paper also displays a prospect for mycorrhizal physic nut research in the future, such as mycorrhizal system, the molecular mechanism for stress resistance and gene engineering. As an important resource of biomass energy, mycorrhizal physic nut has a huge exploitation potential and practical value.

The influence of fixation procedure on the ultrastructure of the host–endophyte interface of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Carling ◽  
J. A. White ◽  
M. F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Granular Material ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Interfacial Zone ◽  
Fixation Procedure ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

The ultrastructure of the interfacial zone which separates the intracellular structures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from host cytoplasm has been described in a variety of ways by recent investigators. Evidence is presented here which suggests that previous interpretations of the ultrastructure of the interfacial zone have been based on an artifact of fixation. Using an improved procedure, a dense, granular material was found in the interfacial zone. This material was preserved by simultaneous glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation but not by conventional prefixation and postfixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium, respectively.

scholarly journals Soil Characteristics Driving Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Semiarid Mediterranean Soils

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 3348-3356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Mar Alguacil ◽  
Maria Pilar Torres ◽  
Alicia Montesinos-Navarro ◽  
Antonio Roldán
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Amf Communities

ABSTRACTWe investigated communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the roots and the rhizosphere soil ofBrachypodium retusumin six different natural soils under field conditions. We explored phylogenetic patterns of AMF composition using indicator species analyses to find AMF associated with a given habitat (root versus rhizosphere) or soil type. We tested whether the AMF characteristics of different habitats or contrasting soils were more closely related than expected by chance. Then we used principal-component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance to test for the relative contribution of each factor in explaining the variation in fungal community composition. Finally, we used redundancy analysis to identify the soil properties that significantly explained the differences in AMF communities across soil types. The results pointed out a tendency of AMF communities in roots to be closely related and different from those in the rhizosphere soil. The indicator species analyses revealed AMF associated with rhizosphere soil and the root habitat. Soil type also determined the distribution of AMF communities in soils, and this effect could not be attributed to a single soil characteristic, as at least three soil properties related to microbial activity, i.e., pH and levels of two micronutrients (Mn and Zn), played significant roles in triggering AMF populations.IMPORTANCECommunities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are main components of soil biota that can determine the productivity of ecosystems. These fungal assemblages vary across host plants and ecosystems, but the main ecological processes that shape the structures of these communities are still largely unknown. A field study in six different soil types from semiarid areas revealed that AMF communities are significantly influenced by habitat (soil versus roots) and soil type. In addition, three soil properties related to microbiological activity (i.e., pH and manganese and zinc levels) were the main factors triggering the distribution of AMF. These results contribute to a better understanding of the ecological factors that can shape AMF communities, an important soil microbial group that affects multiple ecosystem functions.

A new method for observing the morphology of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2128-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Brundrett ◽  
Y. Piché ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Acid Fuchsin ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Interference Contrast Microscopy

A new procedure using chlorazol black E has been developed for staining vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cleared roots. In a comparative study, chlorazol black E was found to be much superior to previously used stains (acid fuchsin, trypan blue, aniline blue) for showing details of internal hyphae and particularly arbuscules. This clearing and staining procedure, combined with Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, revealed details of arbuscule structure not evident with previous techniques. Field-collected samples were also stained well by this procedure. The procedure should allow more accurate assessment of roots for colonization by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

A comparison of spatial heterogeneity of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two maple-forest soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Klironomos ◽  
Peter Moutoglis ◽  
Bryce Kendrick ◽  
Paul Widden
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Total Length ◽  
External Hyphae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Spore Densities

The variations in the numbers of propagules and in the colonization rates of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils of two sugar maple forests, one near Waterloo in southern Ontario, the other near Lacolle in southern Quebec, were investigated. Both forests comprised similar plant communities, and in each case the most numerous mycorrhizal spores were identified as those of Glomus macrocarpum, Glomus geosporum, and Acaulospora foveata. In both forests, root colonization and length of hyphae in soil peaked in spring and again in autumn, and spore densities were highest in autumn and gradually decreased during the rest of the year. Mean percent root colonization at Lacolle was twice as high as at Waterloo, and mean spore densities were almost 10 times higher. In contrast, average total length of hyphae in the soil was approximately 10 times higher at Waterloo than at Lacolle. Sporulation by G. macrocarpum was positively correlated with soil organic matter content, and sporulation by A. foveata was negatively correlated with increasing pH. Root colonization was not correlated with spore densities but was positively correlated with the total length of hyphae in the soil. Relationships among root colonization, production of external hyphae, and spore abundance in natural ecosystems are discussed. Key words: vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, Acer saccharum, environmental influences.

Stable colonization of native plants and early invaders by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after exposure to recent invaders from the Asteraceae family

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Veronika Řezáčová ◽  
Milan Řezáč ◽  
Zuzana Líblová ◽  
Tereza Michalová ◽  
Petr Heneberg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Tanacetum Vulgare ◽  
Erigeron Annuus ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Asteraceae Family

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota) are globally distributed symbionts of plant roots. Relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizae can provide crucial support for the establishment of any plant in an unfavorable environment. We hypothesized that invasions of neophytes are associated with changes in the colonization of native plants and early invaders (archeophytes) by AMF. We examined changes in AMF colonization in yarrow Achillea millefolium, wild carrot Daucus carota (native plants), tansy Tanacetum vulgare and false oat-grass Arrhenatherum elatius (archeophytes) in response to the invasion of four neophytes from the Asteraceae family, namely great globe-thistle Echinops sphaerocephalus, New York aster Symphyotrichum novi-belgii agg., annual fleabane Erigeron annuus, and Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis. We found that the AMF colonization of the Asteraceae neophytes was high in the studied monodominant invasions, and the AMF colonization of the neophytes was higher than or equal to that of the studied native plants and archeophytes. Changes in plant dominance did not serve as predictors of the extent of AMF colonization of the native plants and archeophytes despite the invaded plots being associated with strong changes in the availability of primary and secondary mineral nutrients. The absence of a response of AMF colonization of native and archeophyte plant species to the invasion of neophytes suggests that AMF are passengers, rather than drivers, in the course of Asteraceae invasions in central European environments.

The distribution and phenology of arbuscular mycorrhizae along an inland salinity gradient

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1318-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perry C. Johnson-Green ◽  
Norm C. Kenkel ◽  
Thomas Booth
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vegetation Zones ◽  
Salt Pan ◽  
June July

The distribution and seasonal patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity were studied in an inland boreal salt pan site in north-central Manitoba. Semipermanent study regions were set up in each of five vegetation zones along a continuous salinity gradient. Roots of Hordeum jubatum, Distichlis stricta, Agropyron trachycaulum, Sonchus arvensis, Spartina gracilis, and other species were collected from the study regions over six time periods: April, June, July, August, and October of 1991, and May of 1992. These roots were used to quantify mycorrhizal colonization, as well as arbuscule and vesicle formation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were prevalent in the three vegetation zones with lowest soil salinity, with > 40% of the observed root pieces colonized. Colonization was < 2% in the other two zones, where soil salinity was consistently greater throughout the growing season. The only common pattern in the phenology of mycorrhizal activity was a low level of activity in the early spring. Mycorrhizal activity in most plant species occurred at high levels throughout the summer and fall. Differences in patterns of activity appeared to be linked to differences in phenology of root growth, and not to edaphic differences among vegetation zones. Key words: Manitoba, arbuscules, fungi, gradient, mycorrhiza, phenology, salinity, vesicles.

Colonization of crop and pasture species with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a negative correlation with root infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Thompson ◽  
G. B. Wildermuth
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

The roots of 37 crop and pasture species were assessed for vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in a vertisol containing spores of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mainly Glomus mosseae, and of the pathogenic fungus, Bipolaris sorokiniana. The level of mycorrhizal colonization of different hosts is an important aspect of managing crop sequences to reduce "long fallow disorder." All species except rapeseed in the Cruciferae and lupin in the Leguminosae were hosts, although perennial rye grass in the Gramineae had only very slight colonization. The percent root length colonized as assessed by the grid-intersect method ranged up to 60.5% for wheat in the winter series and up to 98.4% for mungbean in the summer series. Greatest weights of mycorrhizal roots were produced by phalaris grass, chickpea, safflower, cocksfoot, lucerne, and barley in the winter series and by lucerne, maize, canary seed, Sudan grass, grain sorghum, and buffel grass in the summer series. Although Gramineae as a group tends to have fine roots with a low percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, the total weight of mycorrhizal roots can be large, and they should be at least equal to legumes in effectiveness for breaking long fallow disorder. Percentages of mycorrhizal colonization determined by the grid-intersect and three slide methods were generally well correlated with one another, but all were less strongly correlated with weight of mycorrhizal roots for winter crops and were entirely uncorrelated with weight of mycorrhizal roots for summer crops. Significant inverse-regression relationships were obtained between infection of root segments (but not of stem bases) by B. sorokiniana and root colonization with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, indicating that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi antagonise root infection by B. sorokiniana.

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