Evidence for a fungal liaison between Corallorhiza trifida (Orchidaceae) and Pinus contorta (Pinaceae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla D. Zelmer ◽  
R. S. Currah
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhiza ◽  
Terrestrial Orchid ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Triple Symbiosis ◽  
Relative Inability ◽  
Slow Growing

Corallorhiza trifida Châtelain, or pale coral root orchid, is a heterotrophic, leafless, rootless, terrestrial orchid with a circumboreal distribution. Because of its relative inability to photosynthesize, the orchid obtains energy through the digestion of fungal hyphae that grow within the cells of its contorted, yellowish, coralloid rhizomes. Recently, we isolated and cultured strains of a slow-growing basidiomycete with bright yellow, clamped hyphae that are typical of the fungal cells present in C. trifida endomycorrhizas from different treed habitats at widely distributed locations in the northern hemisphere. By inoculating the roots of Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon seedlings with this fungus we were able to demonstrate its ability to form distinctive ectomycorrhizas with an ectotrophic, woody plant. The formation of endomycorrhizas with C. trifida and ectomycorrhizas with P. contorta indicates that in nature a triple symbiosis, with a circumboreal distribution, exists among certain trees, the coral root orchid, and this yellow basidiomycete that links the two and functions as a mycorrhizal symbiont in both. Key words: Corallorhiza trifida, orchid mycorrhiza, triple symbiosis, ectomycorrhiza, Pinus contorta.

SENSITIVITY AND ADAPTATION OF SELECTED RHIZOBIA AND AGROBACTERIA TO PARAQUAT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. ROSLYCKY
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Agrobacterium Radiobacter ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Plant Symbiont ◽  
Paraquat Resistance ◽  
Rhizobium Lupini ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Slow Growing

Sensitivity to paraquat as function of growth varied considerably among 15 rhizobia from seven cross-inoculation groups and 13 agrobacteria from five different species. No relationship was evident between the sensitivity and the "fast-growing" or the "slow-growing" characteristics among the rhizobia. The agrobacteria were uniformly less sensitive. Maximum stabilized paraquat resistance induced by the adptations ranged from 200 μg paraquat∙mL−1 in Rhizobium lupini 112, to 20 000 μg paraquat∙mL−1 in Agrobacterium radiobacter R-590 and A. tumefaciens A6-K1. No relationship was found between the sensitivity and the adaptability. Identical lytic patterns with six bacteriophages confirmed the relationship between the adapted and parent cultures suggesting no genetic effect of paraquat on susceptibility to lysis. The bacteria-plant symbiont interaction, including nodulation, plant weight, vigor and color, was unaffected by the adaptations to paraquat resistance. Similarly, the adaptations exerted no effect on tumorigenicity of A. tumefaciens A6-K1. Key words: Rhizobia, agrobacteria, adaptation, herbicides, paraquat, N2-fixation

Host range of Puccinia xanthii and postpenetration development on Xanthium occidentale

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 959-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Morin ◽  
Bruce A. Auld ◽  
John F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Biological Weed Control ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Globe Artichoke ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Slow Growing

In glasshouse studies, small necrotic foliar flecks developed on globe artichoke, calendula, slender thistle, and winged slender thistle following inoculation with basidiospores of the microcyclic rust Puccinia xanthii. Fourteen inoculated cultivars of sunflower developed various types of symptoms: small necrotic and chlorotic flecks, underdeveloped telia, and small swollen petiole and stem lesions. Xanthium spinosum developed very slow-growing telia. In controlled environment studies, the four Xanthium spp. comprising the Noogoora burr (cocklebur) complex in Australia were highly susceptible to infection by P. xanthii. Maximum disease severity was observed after rust telia and X. occidentale plants were exposed to a dew period of 24 h. Less disease symptoms were observed in plants exposed to shorter (3, 6, 12 h) or longer (36 h) dew periods. Plants inoculated with several loads of inoculum (exposure to four inoculum plates) were less diseased than plants inoculated with fewer inoculum loads. Infected plants began to develop disease symptoms 5 days after inoculation, when grown at 25 °C. Infected plants developed very few small chlorotic flecks and no disease symptoms when grown at 10 and 40 °C, respectively. The flecks produced on plants kept at 10 °C developed into telia when plants were transferred to a glasshouse (25 °C). Repetitive inoculations of plants for 1 month increased the overall severity of the disease and this resulted in a reduction in plant height. Key words: Xanthium, host range, Puccinia xanthii, biological weed control.

Penicillium kananaskense, a new species from Alberta soil

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Seifert ◽  
J. C. Frisvad ◽  
Mary Ann McLean
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
The Many ◽  
A New Species

The new species Penicillium kananaskense is described based on an isolate from soil in a Pinus contorta forest from Alberta, Canada. Colonies are characterized by their relatively rapid growth, velutinous texture, white to slightly pink conidial masses, growth at 5 °C, and absence of growth at 37 °C. The conidiophores are monoverticillate or have one metula, are up to 300 μm tall, smooth walled or with slightly roughened walls, vesiculate, and bear ampulliform phialides, 8–11.5(−14.5) × 2.5–4 μm, that produce disordered chains of ellipsoidal conidia, 3–5 × 2.5–4 μm, with smooth or finely roughened walls. The species is compared with previously described taxa and its subgeneric affinities are discussed. Preliminary data on the many secondary metabolites produced by the ex-type culture are presented. Key words: Penicillium kananaskense, soil, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, mycotoxins.

Reduced Volume, Grade and Value of Lodgepole Pine Lumber Caused by Atropellis Canker and Stalactiform Blister Rust

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Nevill ◽  
J. H. Borden ◽  
H. Merler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Reduced Volume ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Pine Lumber

In a stand of 45-65-year old lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., in the interior of British Columbia, Atropellis canker, Atropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman and Cash, and stalactiform blister rust, Cronartium coleosporioides Arth., reduced the volume of infected trees by 7.9% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacture of lumber from these trees increased volume losses by up to 28.7% and 26.4%, respectively. Atropellis canker reduced the volume of Standard and Better grade lumber by up to 40.1% and stalactiform blister rust by 33.3%, with corresponding relative increases in the volume of Utility grade up to 80%. The reduction of lumber volume and grade decreased the value of Atropellis-infected trees by 33.4% and stalactiform blister rust-infected trees by 28.7%. Based on the density of stems per hectare and infection rates, the two diseases reduced the potential lumber value of lodgepole pine by $508.40 per hectare. Thus management measures to reduce the incidence and impact of these diseases may be economically justified. Key Words: Lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta; Atropellis piniphila, Cronartium coleosporioides; lumber volume, grade, value.

scholarly journals Cultural variability among nine isolates of Urocystis agropyri on wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351
Author(s):  
SS Karwasra ◽  
MS Beniwal ◽  
ML Chhabra
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
Flag Smut ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Slow Growing

Four temperatures and five different media were tested for cultural variability of nine geographical isolates of Urocystis agropyri (Preuss.) Schroet causing flag smut of wheat. Urocystis agropyri is extremely slow growing pathogen and each isolate responded differently at different temperatures. All the isolates/ collections grew well at 20°C after 45, 60, and 70 days after incubation. Ambala isolate was fast growing. PDA medium was found to be most suitable for the growth of all the nine isolates/collections. The average mycelial growth was also maximum on Potato Dextrose Agar Medium followed by Corn Meal Dextrose Agar, Oat Meal Dextrose Agar, Grain Meal Dextrose Agar and minimum on Wheat Meal Dextrose Agar. Key Words: Variability, media, isolates, wheat. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1593 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 347-351, September 2008

scholarly journals Pest Damage Incidence in Natural and Thinned Lodgepole Pine in Alberta

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
West Central ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Management Implication

Thinned stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in west-central Alberta had a higher incidence of attack by common pest organisms than unthinned stands. Based on a sample of nearly 3000 potential crop trees (on 240 temporary plots) growing on 120 naturally regenerated cut blocks, the rate of attack in thinned vs. unthinned stands was 30% and 18% for western gall rust (Endo-cronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka) and 25%. and 16% for leader damage due to terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis Hopp.) and pitch twig moth (Petrova spp.) Damage from other agents, including that from small mammals, was low and little affected by thinning. Forest management implication of these results are discussed. Key words: western gall rust terminal weevil, pitch twig moth, snowshoe hares, red squirrels.

Seed reserves and early symbiotic protocorm development of Platanthera hyperborea (Orchidaceae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Richardson ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
R. S. Currah
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Terrestrial Orchid ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Orchid Seed ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Polyphosphate Bodies ◽  
Suspensor Cells ◽  
Rhizoctonia Cerealis ◽  
Storage Reserves

Seeds of the terrestrial orchid Platanthera hyperborea consist of a thin testa and a simple embryo without a cotyledon. Epidermal and parenchyma cells of the embryo contained lipid and protein as storage reserves. Many of the protein bodies had globoid crystals identified by their P, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ content. Germination occurred with either Rhizoctonia cerealis or Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis as the fungal symbiont on Warcup's medium. The fungus entered through dead suspensor cells and triggered protocorm development and concomitant utilization of lipid and protein reserves. Fungal hyphae formed pelotons with protocorm cells initially, and these went through stages of vacuolation and collapse. Some hyphae stored small numbers of polyphosphate bodies. Clumps of degenerated hyphae were usually encased within material that stained positive with aniline blue, presumably callose. Key words: Platanthera, orchid, seed, protocorm, endophytic fungus.

scholarly journals Seed Stratification of Engelmann Spruce and Lodgepole Pine: The Effect of Stratification Duration and Timing of Surface-drying

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuomi Tanaka ◽  
L. M. Harper ◽  
N. J. Kleyn
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Standard Temperature ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Surface Drying ◽  
Picea Engelmanni

Based on the speed and completeness of laboratory germination and nursery bed emergence, the present study showed that for both Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry] Engelmann) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.): (1) longer stratification generally improved the rate, and in some cases completeness, of germination more so under a cool temperature (15 °C/5 °C) regime than under a warm, standard temperature (30 °C/20 °C) regime emphasizing its importance for early spring outdoor sowing under suboptimal germination temperatures, (2) for a given stratification period, surface-drying at the end of stratification was at least as effective as surface-drying prior to or during stratification, and (3) stratification periods of 6 weeks or longer were generally the most effective. A 6- to 8-week stratification with seeds surface-dried at the end of stratification is recommended for nursery sowing of both species. Key Words: stratification, pinus contorta, Picea engelmanni, laboratory germination, nursery bed emergence.

Embryology of Calypso bulbosa. II. Embryo development

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Yeung ◽  
Sandra K. Law
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Terminal Cell ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Terrestrial Orchid ◽  
Storage Products

Calypso bulbosa is a terrestrial orchid that grows in north temperate regions. After fertilization, the zygote enlarges and grows towards the chalazal end of the embryo sac. An unequal cell division gives rise to a smaller terminal cell and a larger basal cell. A constriction forms in the basal cell. Further growth results in a U-shaped embryo. Two patterns of initial terminal cell division have been observed. In a majority of developing embryos, the terminal cell first divides periclinally and then anticlinally. In approximately 5% of the embryos, the initial division of the terminal cell is anticlinal. Despite differences in early cell division patterns, subsequent embryo development is the same. The suspensor consists of a large, highly vacuolated basal cell and a 4-celled filamentous region. Highly conspicuous starch granules are present within the basal cell of the suspensor. At maturity, the embryo proper is small, consisting of approximately 24 cells and lacking marked differentiation of the apical end. Starch and lipid are the main storage products within the embryo proper. Key words: Calypso orchids, embryo development, suspensor.

Taxonomy and chemistry of a new fungus from bark beetle infested Pinus contorta var. latifolia. Part 1. Arthrographis pinicola sp.nov.

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Sigler ◽  
Yuichi Yamaoka ◽  
Yasuyuki Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ips Latidens

Arthrographis pinicola sp.nov. (Hyphomycetes) is described; it was isolated from galleries and adult beetles of Ips latidens and from galleries of Dendroctonus ponderosae in Pinus contorta var. latifolia in western Canada. In I. latidens infested lodgepole pine, this species extensively colonizes nuptial chambers and egg galleries, characteristically forming floccose conidiomata composed of repeatedly branched hyphae which divide to form arthroconidia having schizolytic dehiscence. The fungus is antagonistic to some blue stain fungi in vitro. Arthrographis pinicola is compared with other species of Arthrographis, and with Arthropsis microsperma and the discomycete Pezizella chapmanii. Key words: Arthrographis pinicola, Hyphomycetes, bark beetle fungi, antifungal compound, arthrographol.

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