Adaptation of Picea engelmannii populations to the heterogeneous environments of the Intermountain West

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1197-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Rehfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ecological Genetics ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Intermountain West ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Engelmann Spruce

Seedlings from 104 natural populations of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and 10 blue spruce (Picea pungens) populations from the Intermountain West, U.S.A., were compared in common gardens. Comparisons involved 16 characters that described growth, development, and cold hardiness plus nine monoterpenes. Canonical discriminant analyses detected one population of blue spruce that had been misidentified, readily separated populations of blue and Engelmann spruce, suggested that three Southwest populations differed markedly from Intermountain populations of Engelmann spruce, but identified no Intermountain populations that reflected introgression with blue spruce. Genetic differences were detected among populations of Engelmann spruce for 16 of the morphometric characters, and multiple regression models accounted for as much as 70% of the variance among populations. The regressions described genetic variation occurring along clines that were dominated by elevational and latitudinal effects. The slope of the clines, however, was relatively gentle; populations located within the same physiographic province must be separated by at least 420 m in elevation before genetic differentiation becomes a reasonable possibility. By providing a means for assessing the degree by which similar genotypes recur across the landscape, the regression models have direct practical application in programs ranging from land management to conservation biology. Key words: population differentiation, genetic variation, ecological genetics.

Adaptation of Pinuscontorta populations to heterogeneous environments in northern Idaho

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Rehfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Northern Idaho

Genetic variation among 28 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) populations from northern Idaho was studied in three contrasting environments. Populations were located within 55 km of the Priest River Experimental Forest where 4-year-old seedlings were compared in environments at 750, 1200, and 1500 m elevation. Statistical analyses of six variables (4-year height, leaf length, freezing injury, multiple whorls, lammas growth, and adjusted height) detected differentiation among populations. Multiple regression models related adaptive differentiation to geographic and ecologic characteristics of the seed source. Elevation of the seed source, represented in a quadratic model, accounted for as much as 86% of the variance among populations. Results were used to estimate the limits and consequences of elevational transfers of seed.

Ecological genetics of Pinuscontorta in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains of Utah

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Rehfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Ecological Genetics ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Uinta Mountains ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Seed Transfer

Genetic differentiation of 45 populations of Pinuscontorta primarily from the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains was studied in field, greenhouse, and laboratory tests. Analyses of variables reflecting growth potential, morphology, cold hardiness, and periodicity of shoot elongation revealed population differentiation for a variety of traits. Regression models related as much as 77% of the variance among population means to the elevation and geographic location of the seed source. For genetic variation to be arranged along relatively steep environmental clines implies pronounced adaptive differentiation. As a result, seed transfer in reforestation should be restricted severely if maladaptation is to be controlled.

scholarly journals Heat Tolerance, Cold Hardiness, and Bud Dormancy Relationships in Seedlings of Selected Conifers

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Burr ◽  
Stephen J. Wallner ◽  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Spruce Needles

Greenhouse-cultured, container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) France], Engelmann spruce [Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.], and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) were acclimated and deacclimated to cold in growth chambers over 19 weeks. Heat tolerance and cold hardiness of needles, and bud dormancy, were measured weekly. Heat tolerance of Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce needles increased with development through the first complete annual cycle: new needles on actively growing plants; mature needles, not cold-hardy, on dormant plants; cold-hardy needles on dormant and quiescent plants; and mature, needles, not cold-hardy, on actively growing plants. Heat tolerance of ponderosa pine needles differed in two respects. New needles had an intermediate tolerance level to heat, and fully cold-hardy needles were the least tolerant. Thus, the physiological changes that conferred cold hardiness were not associated with greater heat tolerance in all the conifers tested. In none of these species did the timing of changes in heat tolerance coincide consistently with changes in cold hardiness or bud dormancy.

The structure of genetic diversity in Engelmann spruce and a comparison with blue spruce

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1806-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Thomas Ledig ◽  
Paul D. Hodgskiss ◽  
David R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Total Diversity ◽  
The Last Glacial

Genetic diversity and genetic structure in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) were interpreted with respect to the effects of glacial and interglacial displacement and compared with patterns in blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.), which occupies a range well south of the last glacial front. On average, Engelmann spruce populations were polymorphic at 80% of 24 isozyme loci, with 2.4 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity of 0.255. The respective means for four populations of blue spruce were 42.7%, 1.6 alleles, and 0.138. Of total diversity, 14.7% was among populations in Engelmann spruce and 8.6% in blue spruce. In Engelmann spruce, numbers of alleles increased from south to north. Recent bottlenecks were indicated in the three southernmost populations of Engelmann spruce and in the northernmost population of blue spruce. Cluster analysis divided Engelmann spruce into a northern group and a Southwestern group; however, populations from Utah were distributed among both clusters. Genetic distance was correlated with geographic distance between northern populations but not between Southwestern populations, where drift predominated over gene flow. In two Engelmann spruce populations from Utah, multilocus outcrossing rates were 0.951 (±0.016) and 0.940 (±0.071). At Flys Peak, Arizona, the southernmost location of Engelmann spruce, outcrossing was also high, 0.899 (±0.017). Thus, inbreeding coefficients observed for parental (–0.104 to 0.047) and filial (0.011 to 0.026) generations were low. Although Engelmann spruce seemed genetically robust, the evidence of bottlenecks in the southern extreme of its range suggested future problems in an era of global warming.

Comparison of Terpene Composition in Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) Using Hydrodistillation, SPME and PLE

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Mardarowicz ◽  
Dorota Wianowska ◽  
Andrzej L. Dawidowicz ◽  
Ryszard Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Pressurised Liquid Extraction ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Spruce Needles

Abstract Terpenes emitted by conifer trees are generally determined by analysing plant extracts or essential oils, prepared from foliage and cones using steam distillation. The application of these procedures limits experiments to cut plant materials. Recently headspace techniques have been adopted to examine terpene emission by living plants. This paper deals with the application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the analysis of terpenes emitted by conifers foliage of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), including its seedlings. The compositions of SPME extracts obtained for destroyed and non-destroyed old and juvenile spruce needles were compared with the compositions of essential oils and pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) extracts corresponding to the same plant materials. No substantial differences have been found in the qualitative terpene composition estimated by analysing essential oil and PLE and SPME extracts from non-destroyed old and juvenile foliage. The disintegration of spruce needles results in the formation of a significant amount of myrcene in the case of the old conifer foliage and non-terpenoic compounds in the case of juvenile conifer foliage. This phenomenon can be attributed to enzymatic reactions occurring in the destroyed plant cells.

Inheritance of isozymes in seed and bud tissues of blue and Engelmann spruce

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Ernst ◽  
D. E. Keathley ◽  
J. W. Hanover
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Mating Design ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Segregation Ratios ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

Thirteen loci from 11 enzyme systems were identified among full-sib and half-sib progeny of blue and Engelmann spruce. Eleven of the loci were expressed in bud, embryo, and megagametophyte tissue; the remaining two loci were expressed only in embryo and megagametophyte tissue. There were no mobility differences observed between loci expressed in seed and bud tissues. The mode of inheritance for 10 of the loci was confirmed based on progeny genotypic distributions. For the two loci not expressed in bud tissue, acid phosphatase (Acp-2) and diaphorase (Dia-2), inheritance was inferred from pooled segregation ratios of megagametophytes from open-pollinated seed from heterozygous females. The inheritance of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (Got-3) was also inferred from segregation ratios and diploid embryo phenotypes of open-pollinated progeny owing to a lack of variability at this locus among the 40 parents in the mating design. Two loci, aldolase (Ald) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-2), were monomorphic among the 20 parents of both species. Key words: isozymes, Engelmann spruce, blue spruce, Picea.

Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2753-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Knapp ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Medicine Bow Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Surface Drying

Although seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa are generally more abundant than those of Picea engelmannii in the understory of mature spruce–fir forests throughout the central and northern Rocky Mountains, little information exists concerning environmental or plant factors that may influence the establishment of these two conifers. Field measurements in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeast Wyoming showed that seedlings of A. lasiocarpa had greater photosynthetic rates at low understory light levels and required lower levels of incident radiation for saturation of photosynthesis compared with those of P. engelmannii. However, both conifers occurred in understory locations where total daily solar radiation was equally low (<2 MJ∙m−2∙day−1) and thus, a lack of light did not appear to be responsible for the low number of P. engelmannii seedlings in the understory. In contrast, seedlings of P. engelmannii were substantially more abundant at locations with thinner litter layers compared with those of A. lasiocarpa. Also, laboratory studies showed that the smaller seeds of P. engelmannii germinated more rapidly and at lower temperatures than seeds of A. lasiocarpa although growth of tap roots on A. lasiocarpa seedlings was greater initially ([Formula: see text] longer in 2-week-old seedlings) as well as for 10-week-old seedlings (50% longer). The deeper penetrating tap root of A. lasiocarpa seedlings may enable this conifer to establish more abundantly on thick, rapidly drying litter layers that are characteristic of mature spruce–fir forests. In contrast, establishment of P. engelmannii seedlings may be limited to microsites without a thick litter layer such as disturbed areas or decomposing wood, where surface drying may occur more gradually throughout the summer. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of seedling establishment on the observed patterns in climax vegetation of central and northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forests.

scholarly journals The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. IV. Components of genetic variation in a natural population of Drosophila mercatorum.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-366
Author(s):  
H Hollocher ◽  
A R Templeton ◽  
R DeSalle ◽  
J S Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Ecological Genetics ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Drosophila Mercatorum ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Abstract Natural populations of Drosophila mercatorum are polymorphic for a phenotypic syndrome known as abnormal abdomen (aa). This syndrome is characterized by a slow-down in egg-to-adult developmental time, retention of juvenile abdominal cuticle in the adult, increased early female fecundity, and decreased adult longevity. Previous studies revealed that the expression of this syndrome in females is controlled by two closely linked X chromosomal elements: the occurrence of an R1 insert in a third or more of the X-linked 28S ribosomal genes (rDNA), and the failure of replicative selection favoring uninserted 28S genes in larval polytene tissues. The expression of this syndrome in males in a laboratory stock was associated with the deletion of the rDNA normally found on the Y chromosome. In this paper we quantify the levels of genetic variation for these three components in a natural population of Drosophila mercatorum found near Kamuela, Hawaii. Extensive variation is found in the natural population for both of the X-linked components. Moreover, there is a significant association between variation in the proportion of R1 inserted 28S genes with allelic variation at the underreplication (ur) locus such that both of the necessary components for aa expression in females tend to cosegregate in the natural population. Accordingly, these two closely linked X chromosomal elements are behaving as a supergene in the natural population. Because of this association, we do not believe the R1 insert to be actively transposing to an appreciable extent. The Y chromosomes extracted from nature are also polymorphic, with 16% of the Ys lacking the Y-specific rDNA marker. The absence of this marker is significantly associated with the expression of aa in males. Hence, all three of the major genetic determinants of the abnormal abdomen syndrome are polymorphic in this natural population.

GENETIC LOADS IN HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-635
Author(s):  
Charles E Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Phase Plane ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Niche Space ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Existence Of Equilibria

ABSTRACT A model of population structure in heterogeneous environments is described with attention focused on genetic variation at a single locus. The existence of equilibria at which there is no genetic load is examined.—The absolute fitness of any genotype is regarded as a function of location in the niche space and the population density at that location. It is assumed that each organism chooses to live in that habitat in which it is most fit ("optimal habitat selection").—Equilibria at which there is no segregational load ("loadless equilibria") may exist. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such equilibria are very weak. If there is a sufficient amount of dominance or area in which the alleles are selectively neutral, then there exist equilibria without segregational loads. In the N, p phase plane defined by population size, N, and gene frequency, p, these equilibria generally consist of a line segment which is parallel to the p axis. These equilibria are frequently stable.

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