Evidence for the hybrid origin of Carex knieskernii with comments on hybridization in the genus Carex (Cyperaceae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 860-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia J. Waterway
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The One

Carex knieskernii, originally described as a distinct species, is shown to be a sterile hybrid between Carex arctata and Carex castanea based on evidence from allozyme variation, chromosome numbers, morphology, and geographical distribution. The two parental species differed at eight enzyme-coding loci; C. knieskernii showed the expected heterozygous pattern at each of these loci. Individuals of C. knieskernii were highly sterile and the enzyme patterns suggested that they were F1 hybrids formed independently at each location. Chromosome numbers determined for 27 individuals of C. arctata (n = 27, rarely 26) agreed with previously published counts. The eight counts of C. castanea (n = 22) differed from the one previous count of 2n = 64. Individuals of C. knieskernii from five different populations all had disturbed meiosis with irregular pairing and ca. 49 chromosomes. A canonical discriminant analysis of morphological data from population samples of the three taxa clearly separated C. arctata and C. castanea, with the individuals of C. knieskernii having intermediate scores on the first canonical axis. Carex knieskernii is a widespread but rarely occurring hybrid that is found where the ranges of the parental species overlap and the blooming times are synchronous. The sterility of this hybrid, the obvious disruptions of normal meiotic pairing, and the large genetic distance between the parental species based on allozyme variation suggest that although the two species hybridize, they may not be closely related. Key words: Carex knieskernii, Cyperaceae, hybridization, allozyme variation, chromosome numbers.

Hybridization between the threatened herb Boltonia decurrens (Asteraceae) and its widespread congener, B. asteroides

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201
Author(s):  
Jennifer DeWoody ◽  
John D. Nason ◽  
Marian Smith
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Backcross Progeny ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Sympatric Population ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Marker Data ◽  
Boltonia Decurrens

Boltonia decurrens (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Wood is a federally threatened herb endemic to the Illinois River floodplain, and currently restricted to fewer than 25 populations. We tested for hybridization between this species and a widespread congener, Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Hér., at two sites where they are known to occur in sympatry, by comparing morphological and genetic diversity with an allopatric population of each species. Morphological analyses identified significant differentiation between species. Discriminant classification analysis of the morphological data assigned most individuals to one or the other of the two parental species with high probability (>0.95), with only four plants having an intermediate probability of assignment (<0.90) indicative of hybrid origin. Similarly, likelihood-based methods based on genetic marker data (allozymes) failed to detect the presence of F1 hybrids in either sympatric population and revealed only low frequencies of F2 and backcross progeny. These findings demonstrate that combining morphological and genetic data increases the likelihood of detecting low-scale introgression between closely related species. Even with this combined approach, the low rate of recombination between these species together with their limited sympatry indicate that hybridization does not pose an immediate threat to the genetic integrity of B. decurrens.

scholarly journals Secrets of the Underground Vietnam: an Underestimated Species Diversity of Asian Moles (Lipotyphla: Talpidae: Euroscaptor)

2016 ◽  
Vol 320 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Zemlemerova ◽  
A.A. Bannikova ◽  
V.S. Lebedev ◽  
V.V. Rozhnov ◽  
A.V. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Real Distribution ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
The One

A study of the Southeast Asian moles of the genus Euroscaptor based on a combined approach, viz. DNA sequence data combined with a multivariate analysis of cranial characters, has revealed a high cryptic diversity of the group. An analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and five nuclear genes has revealed two deeply divergent clades: the western one (E. klossi + E. malayana + E. longirostris from Sichuan + Euroscaptor spp. from northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China), and the eastern one (E. parvidens s.l. + E. subanura). The pattern of genetic variation in the genus Euroscaptor discovered in the present study provides support for the existence of several cryptic lineages that could be treated as distinct species based on their genetic and morphological distinctness and geographical distribution. The moles from southern China and northern Vietnam form three distinct groups. The specimens from Sichuan (including the one collected from the type locality of E. longirostris) were clearly distinct from the northwestern Vietnam and Yunnan samples that were previously attributed to this species. We argue that the real distribution of E. longirostris is restricted to Sichuan, northward of Yangtze River, whereas the populations occurring southward of this isolation barrier evidently represent a new species Euroscaptor orlovi sp. nov. (northwestern Vietnam and Yunnan, southern China). Moreover, Red River that divides the western and eastern parts of northern Vietnam beyond doubt separates the population of E. orlovi from the moles occurring in northeastern Vietnam (Vinh Phuc and Cao Bang provinces); the latter are described here as Euroscaptor kuznetsovi sp. nov. Yet, genetic data are in favour of a close affinity of E. subanura with E. parvidens. A combined analysis of both genetic and morphological data has revealed a strong geographic segregation of E. parvidens samples. The populations from Dalat Plateau (southern Vietnam), including the moles from Loc Bao, Bi Dup and Chu Yang Sin, form a well-supported clade and can be considered true E. parvidens. The specimens from central Vietnam (Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces) are significantly different from them, yet their monophyly has been supported by the mtDNA only. The moles from central Vietnam have been described here as a new subspecies Euroscaptor parvidens ngoclinhensis ssp. nov. All the studied samples of E. subanura have shown a low genetic and morphological variability despite their wide geographic range.

Hybridization as a biodiversity driver: The case of Veronica × gundisalvi

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e67901
Author(s):  
Noemí López-González ◽  
Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽  
David Gutiérrez-Larruscain ◽  
Maria Montserrat Martínez-Ortega ◽  
Blanca María Rojas-Andrés
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Endemic Taxon

Hybridization is an important mechanism in plant evolution, which contributes to the adaptability and biological diversity of species in fundamental ways. Based on morphological data, Veronica × gundisalvi Sennen (Veronica orsiniana × V. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia) is an Iberian endemic taxon of presumably polytopic hybrid origin restricted to five localities in Catalonia, where the putative parental species grow in sympatry. In this study, species distribution models were developed for the putative parental species to seek potential new localities where active hybridization could be taking place. As a result, a new location of this nothotaxon in Zaragoza is provided, along with a chromosome count and ploidy level estimations. The data presented here further support Veronica × gundisalvi as a homoploid hybrid taxon that occurs in non-altered habitats. In contrast to the traditional view of hybridization as deleterious for the conservation of biodiversity, it does not always represent a problem in this regard. Hybridization is a complex evolutionary force that requires case-specific evaluation. Given that biodiversity loss is one of the main contemporary challenges, it is important to consider the creative nature of hybridization, a widespread evolutionary mechanism able to produce novel diversity.

Electrophoretic studies of the systematic and biogeographic relationships of the Fijian bat genera Pteropus, Pteralopex, Chaerephon and Notopteris.

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ingleby ◽  
D Colgan
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
The One ◽  
Pteropus Samoensis ◽  
Pteropus Tonganus ◽  
Flying Fox

Allozyme variation at 24 - 29 presumptive loci was used to examine the systematic relationships between Fijian bats and those from neighbouring areas such as Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Guinea and Australia. Genetic data indicate that the Fijian bat fauna contains highly divergent taxa as well as some populations that are virtually indistinguishable electrophoretically from conspecifics in neighbouring islands groups, particularly species shared with Vanuatu. The endemic Fijian monkey-faced bat Pteralopex acrodonta, had a level of distinctiveness from two of its congeners in the Solomon Islands comparable to that between different genera. There was also considerable electrophoretic variation within what is generally considered a single species, the northern freetail-bat Chaerephon jobensis. The Australian form, C. j. colonicus, shows levels of divergence from the Fiji/Vanuatu subspecies, C. j. bregullae, consistent with that of a distinct species. C. j. solomonis from the Solomon Islands appears to represent a third species within this group. Moderate levels of divergence were found within the one subspecies of long-tailed flying-fox Notopteris macdonaldii sampled from Fiji and Vanuatu. In contrast to Pteralopex and Chaerephon, close affinities were found between and within several other southwest Pacific bat species, in particular, the two different subspecies of insular flying-fox Pteropus tonganus from Fiji, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Low levels of genetic divergence were also found between P. tonganus and the morphologially similar spectacled flying-fox P. conspicillatus from Australia and New Guinea. The Samoan flying-fox Pteropus samoensis appeared to be most closely allied to the Temotu flying-fox Pteropus nitendiensis, from the Solomon Islands.

Genomic constitutions of four Chinese endemic Elymus species: E. brevipes, E. yangii, E. anthosachnoides, and E. altissimus (Triticeae, Poaceae)

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-Rong Lu ◽  
Roland von Bothmer
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Meiotic Configuration ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Elymus Species

The objectives of this study were to determine the genomic constitution and to explore the genomic variation within four Chinese endemic Elymus species, i.e., E. brevipes (Keng) Löve (2n = 4x = 28) and E. yangii B.R. Lu (2n = 4x = 28), E. anthosachnoides (Keng) Löve (2n = 4x = 28), and E. altissimus (Keng) Löve (2n = 4x = 28). Intraspecific crosses between different populations of the four Elymus species, as well as interspecific hybridizations among the four target species, and with six analyzer species containing well-known genomes, i.e., E. caninus (L.) L. (2n = 4x = 28, SH), E. sibiricus L. (2n = 4x = 28, SH), E. semicostatus (Lees ex Steud.) Melderis (2n = 4x = 28, SY), E. parviglumis (Keng) Löve (2n = 4x = 28, SY), E. tsukushiensis Honda (2n = 6x = 42, SHY), and E. himalayanus (Nevski) Tzvelev (2n = 6x = 42, SHY), were achieved through the aid of embryo rescue. Chromosome pairing behaviors were studied in the parental species and their hybrids. Numerical analysis on chromosome pairing was made on the interspecific hybrids. With one exception, each meiotic configuration at metaphase I in the hybrids involving the target taxa and the analyzer species containing the "SH" genomes fit a 2:1:1 model with x-values ranging between 0.91 and 1.00; chromosome pairing in the hybrids involving analyzer parents with the "SY" genomes match a 2:2 model, with x-values between 0.97 and 0.99. All pentaploid hybrids with a genomic formula "SSYYH," except for two crosses having unexpected low c-values, had pairing patterns fitting the 2:2:1 model with x-values varying between 0.96 and 1.00. It is concluded based on hybridization, fertility, and chromosome pairing data that (i) the four target Elymus species are strictly allotetraploid taxa, (ii) they are closely related species, all comprised of the "SY" genomes, (iii) minor genomic structural rearrangements have occurred within the four Elymus species, and (iv) meiotic pairing regulator(s) exists in some of the Elymus taxa studied.Key words: Triticeae, Elymus, interspecific hybrid, meiosis, numerical analysis, genome.

Analysis of the differences between Syntormon pallipes and S. pseudospicatus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): morphological and molecular data

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316
Author(s):  
M.A. Chursina ◽  
I.Ya. Grichanov
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The recent catalogues of the family Dolichopodidae considered Syntormon pallipes (Fabricius, 1794) and S. pseudospicatus Strobl, 1899 as separate species. In this study, we used three approaches to estimate the significance of differences between the two species: molecular analysis (COI and 12S rRNA sequences), analysis of leg colour characters and geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape. The morphological data confirmed the absence of significant differences between S. pallipes and S. pseudospicatus found in the DNA analysis. Significant differences in the wing shape of two species have not been revealed. Hence, according to our data, there is no reason to consider S. pseudospicatus as a distinct species.

Intergeneric hybrids between Thinopyrum and Psathyrostachys (Triticeae)

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Basic Genome ◽  
Chromosome Associations ◽  
Thinopyrum Elongatum ◽  
First Time

Intergeneric hybrids were synthesized for the first time from the diploid crosses Thinopyrum elongatum (JeJe) × Psathyrostachys juncea (NjNj), T. elongatum × P. fragilis (NfNf), T. bessarabicum (JbJb) × P. huashanica (NhNh), and T. bessarabicum × P. juncea, as well as from a cross between the amphidiploid of T. bessarabicum × T. elongatum (JbJbJeJe) and P. juncea. Spikes of these hybrids are morphologically intermediate between those of the parental species. Double spikelets occurred occasionally at central nodes of the spikes. Glaucous blue leaves appeared in the F1 only in the cross T. bessarabicum × P. huashanica, suggesting that the gene(s) for glaucous blue leaves in T. bessarabicum is (are) recessive to a gene(s) for green leaves in P. juncea but is (are) dominant to that for yellowish green leaves in P. huashanica. Meiotic pairing at metaphase I in these diploid (JN) and triploid (JJN) hybrids revealed a very low level of homology between the basic J and N genome. Therefore, the J and N genomes are nonhomologous and justifiably represented by different genome symbols. The triploid hybrids exhibited a pattern of chromosome associations that substantiated the earlier conclusion that the genomes in T. bessarabicum and T. elongatum are two versions of a basic genome (J). These hybrids will be useful in genome analysis, forming new Leymus species with the J and N genomes and broadening the diversity in the genus Pascopyrum with the SHJN genomes.Key words: hybrid, Thinopyrum, Psathyrostachys, genome.

Two new species in the Ficinia indica complex (Cyperaceae, tribe Cypereae) from South Africa

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 295 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
ALUWANI A. TSHIILA ◽  
SAMSON B.M. CHIMPHANGO ◽  
JAN-ADRIAAN VILJOEN ◽  
A. MUTHAMA MUASYA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
As Species ◽  
Two New Species

Unclear boundaries between species hinder identification in the field and in herbaria, especially in species groups that can only be distinguished on the basis of subtle morphological and ecological features. One such taxon is Ficinia indica, widespread in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, growing on deep sandy soils between sea level and 1000 m elevation. Within its range, several phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species co-occur or occupy distinct habitats. Studies in herbaria show species in the Ficinia indica complex to be largely misidentified based on the use of qualitative information. Here, we investigate whether the six taxa recognized, based on one or a few characters, are supported as distinct species based on multivariate analysis of macro-morphological data. Two of the taxa were mostly separated whereas the other four taxa overlapped in multivariate space, but all the taxa could be distinguished using a single or a combination of morphological and ecological characters. We uphold the four previously recognized taxa (Ficinia argyropus, F. elatior, F. indica, F. laevis) as species, describe two new species (F. arnoldii and F. montana), and provide a dichotomous key for their identification.

Introducing Morphology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Lieber
Keyword(s):  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One

A lively introduction to morphology, this textbook is intended for undergraduates with relatively little background in linguistics. It shows students how to find and analyze morphological data and presents them with basic concepts and terminology concerning the mental lexicon, inflection, derivation, morphological typology, productivity, and the interfaces between morphology and syntax on the one hand and phonology on the other. By the end of the text students are ready to understand morphological theory and how to support or refute theoretical proposals. Providing data from a wide variety of languages, the text includes hands-on activities designed to encourage students to gather and analyse their own data. The third edition has been thoroughly updated with new examples and exercises. Chapter 2 now includes an updated detailed introduction to using linguistic corpora, and there is a new final chapter covering several current theoretical frameworks.

scholarly journals Relationship between pollen morphology and chromosome numbers in Brazilian species of Lippia L. (Verbenaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo M. Sousa ◽  
Patrícia M.O. Pierre ◽  
Giovana A. Torres ◽  
Lisete C. Davide ◽  
Lyderson F. Viccini
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Prolate Spheroidal ◽  
Oblate Spheroidal ◽  
Exine Ornamentation ◽  
Different Types

The pollen morphology and exine structure of 17 species of Lippia L. were investigated in this work using light and scanning electron microscopy. Among the species studied, 14 showed tricolporate pollen grains, two had tri- and tetracolporate pollen grains and a single species exhibited, only tetracolporate pollen. The amb ranged from triangular to square, and the shape varied from oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal. Three different types of exine ornamentation were observed: psilate, scabrate and perforate. In addition to morphological data, we found positive association between the chromosome numbers and size of pollen grains, and also between the length and width of the colpi. The results indicate that the characteristics of pollen grains in Lippia may be used as an additional taxonomic character of the genus.

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