Differences in recovery between a deciduous and an evergreen ericaceous clonal dwarf shrub after simulated aboveground herbivory and belowground damage

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Tolvanen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Clonal Integration ◽  
Simulated Herbivory ◽  
Aboveground Herbivory ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Microtine Rodent ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtillus L ◽  
Rhizome Severing

Insect and microtine rodent herbivory (defoliation and branch clipping, respectively) were simulated in stands of the deciduous Vaccinium myrtillus L. and evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. Rhizome connections around the treated plots were either left intact or severed. Recovery in the plots was monitored for two growth seasons, from 1991 to 1992. It was hypothesized that the evergreen V. vitis-idaea would suffer more from the simulated herbivory treatment than V. myrtillus, but that severing the rhizome connections would decrease recovery of both species, because clonal integration is disrupted and wounding may have a harmful influence on growth. After two growth seasons, recovery was complete from simulated herbivory in V. myrtillus, whereas the new dry biomass was reduced slightly (22 – 37%) or significantly (49%) compared with that of the control in V. vitis-idaea. Rhizome severing reduced the growth of the branches and ramets and the aboveground dry biomass by 34% compared with that of the unsevered control in V. myrtillus. In the evergreen V. vitis-idaea, severing slightly reduced growth, the effect being significant only in the clipped treatment. The results suggest that the deciduous V. myrtillus recovers more rapidly from simulated herbivory than the evergreen V. vitis-idaea. Rhizome severing is more detrimental to the growth of V. myrtillus, but less detrimental to recovery from simulated herbivory. Sexual reproduction decreases more in V. vitis-idaea than in V. myrtillus after damage. Key words: compensation, growth form, herbivory, rhizome severing, Vaccinium

Variations in Growth, Clonal and Sexual Reproduction ofSpartina alternifloraResponding to Changes in Clonal Integration and Sand Burial

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1100-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xiao ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Wen Yang ◽  
Hua Qing ◽  
Changfang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Clonal Integration ◽  
Sand Burial

Effect of light on hormonal regulation of sexual reproduction in Phytophthora parasitica

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1672-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Chern ◽  
W. H. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Phytophthora Parasitica ◽  
Light Effect ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Oospore Formation ◽  
Effect Of Light

A1 and A2 isolates of Phytophthora parasitica were exposed to light at different stages of sexual development to study the mode of action of light on sexual reproduction. Exposure to light during the process of sexual reproduction reduced the number of oospores produced to about 7% of that produced in darkness. Light was inhibitory to production of α hormones but not receptors of these hormones by both A1 and A2 isolates of P. parasitica. However, after being produced, α hormones were stable under light. The number of oospores produced was greatly reduced when A1 and A2 cultures were exposed to light during hormone induction of sexual reproduction but was not affected when the cultures were exposed to light during oospore formation after hormone induction. The results suggest that the effect of light on sexual reproduction in P. parasitica was mainly through inhibition of hormone production and hormone induction of sexual reproduction. Key words: Phytophthora parasitica, light effect, hormonal regulation.

Trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora responding to inundation and clonal integration

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 658 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xiao ◽  
Junbing Tang ◽  
Hua Qing ◽  
Changfang Zhou ◽  
Weijing Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Clonal Integration ◽  
Trade Offs

Seed size and seedling ontogenetic stage as modulators of damage tolerance after simulated herbivory in a woody exotic species

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Agostina Lorca ◽  
Ana E. Ferreras ◽  
Guillermo Funes
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Damage Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Ontogenetic Stage ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Simulated Herbivory ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Dry Biomass

Herbivory is one of the most important threats that plants face during early stages of development. Previous studies have indicated that seed size and seedling ontogeny strongly influence the response to herbivory at the seedling stage. However, little is known about their interactive effect. We simulated herbivory on seedlings of the exotic Gleditsia triacanthos L. and evaluated the combined effects of seed size and ontogenetic stage at which herbivory occurred on tolerance to herbivory. A greenhouse experiment was performed, with three non-overlapping levels of seed size. Seedlings from each seed size were clipped at two ontogenetic stages (two and five leaves). After three weeks, seedling survival, height, leaf number and dry biomass were measured. Damaged seedlings were not able to reach the size of the undamaged ones. Seedlings from small seeds showed the lowest values in most of the growth variables. Seedlings cut at two-leaf stage showed a higher compensation capacity than those cut at five-leaf stage. Seedlings from large seeds cut at ontogenetic stage I showed the highest compensation capacity in most of the variables. Partly compensating herbivory at this stage may be an advantage for the expansion of this exotic species to new areas.

Effects of salinity and clonal integration on growth and sexual reproduction of the invasive grass Spartina alterniflora

Flora ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 206 (8) ◽  
pp. 736-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xiao ◽  
Junbing Tang ◽  
Hua Qing ◽  
Changfang Zhou ◽  
Shuqing An
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Clonal Integration ◽  
Invasive Grass

Inheritance of isozyme production and sexual reproduction in Phytophthora infestans

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Chang ◽  
W. H. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Isozyme Pattern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glucosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Selfed Progeny ◽  
Intermediate Band ◽  
Isozyme Patterns

Analysis of the isozyme patterns of glucosephosphate isomerase and peptidase from selfed progeny of isolates of Phytophthora infestans showed that some gave only a single slow or fast band, whereas others gave three bands, i.e., a slow, a fast, and an intermediate band. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that each locus is controlled by a single codominant gene. The single-banded pattern, either slow or fast, is due to homozygosity of one or the other allele, while the three-banded pattern is due to heterozygosity. The results also show that the genes for glucosephosphate isomerase and peptidase are not linked. Progeny from direct pairings between isolates with different homozygous genotypes for isozyme patterns consisted of selfs of both parents and hybrids, self of one parent and hybrids, and hybrids only. Key words: Phytophthora infestans, genetics, isozyme pattern.

The effect of experimental defoliation on the growth and reproduction of a woodland orchid, Tipularia discolor

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1812-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis F. Whigham
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Woodland Herb ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
Biomass Component ◽  
Leaf Herbivory ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Leaves of individuals of Tipularia discolor were subjected to 3 years of manual defoliation to simulate natural patterns of herbivory. Compared with controls, plants that were 100% defoliated did not reproduce sexually after two defoliations, the biomass of new belowground corms decreased significantly in the 1st year and each year thereafter, and leaf biomass declined significantly after three defoliations. Senescence of belowground corms and mortality of entire plants were highest in the 100% defoliation treatment. The responses of plants with 50% defoliation were intermediate. The study demonstrates that belowground corms are the first biomass component to be negatively impacted by complete and partial defoliation. Reductions in corm biomass resulting from leaf herbivory would eventually reduce leaf biomass and sexual reproduction. Key words: woodland herb, herbivory, biomass allocation, reproduction, Tipularia discolor, Orchidaceae, defoliation.

Systèmes de croisement et fécondité chez le Sphagnum

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1528-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Pujos
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Reproduction Success ◽  
Variable Distribution ◽  
Evolutionary Interpretation

Sexuality is most often preserved in Sphagnum while asexual reproduction remains responsible for the perennity and multiplication of the species. Sexual reproduction success was assessed for two diecious species and four monecious – polyecious species, using fertilization rates, reproduction rates, and success of the reproduction. The effects of different crossing processes on the preceding parameters were emphasized. Accordingly, gynoecium numbers, archegone numbers per gynoecium, and sporogonia occurrences were assessed in more than 3500 capitula. Variable distribution of gametangia within capitula in different species determines the success of sexual reproduction. An evolutionary interpretation of this variation in the distribution of gametangia is proposed. Key words: Sphagnum, crossing processes, polyecious, sexualization rates, reproduction success. [Journal translation]

Factors affecting yields of α hormones of Phytophthora parasitica obtained by adsorption

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Chern ◽  
W. H. Ko ◽  
C. S. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Phytophthora Parasitica ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Millipore Filter ◽  
Polycarbonate Membrane ◽  
Factors Affecting

The conditions for improved yields of the α hormones of Phytophthora parasitica compared with those of the original technique established by Ko are described. Both hormones al and α2 were adsorbed on the Millipore filter by exposing both sides of the filter directly to freshly inoculated 40% V-8 agar blocks for 4 days. Usage of polycarbonate membrane in the original method to maintain sterility of the filter was replaced by sterilization of the filter with ethanol. Among five organic solvents tested, 95% ethanol was the most effective in extracting both α hormones from the Millipore filter. A 1-min shaking of the hormone-loaded filter with 95% ethanol was sufficient to extract ca. 95% of hormones α1 and α2. Results on the solubility properties suggest that the α hormones of Phytophthora parasitica are lipid-like natural products and that hormone α2 is more polar than hormone α1.Key words: sex hormone, hormone production, sexual reproduction, Phytophthora parasitica.

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