Seed dimorphism in relation to germination and growth of Cakile edentula

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Cakile Edentula ◽  
Shoot To Root Ratio ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Germination And Growth

Previous studies showed that the two seed morphs produced from the upper and lower fruit segments of Cakile edentula differed significantly in their germinability and carry-over effects on the growth of the subsequent plants. By partitioning variables into seed-morph and seed-mass components, this study suggests that both seed germination and the growth of the subsequent plants depend on seed mass rather than seed morph. Plants from large seeds generally had greater leaf area, shoot to root ratio, biomass, and smaller leaf area ratio than those from small seeds. Within the same seed-mass class, plants from the lower fruit segment showed greater shoot to root ratio only at the end of the experiment. Since specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and shoot to root ratio depended significantly on plant dry mass, the effect of seed mass on these variables may be actually achieved indirectly through the influence on plant size. Key words: seed dimorphism, seed mass, maternal effect, germination, growth, Cakile edentula.

scholarly journals Analysis of cassava growth at different harvest times and planting densities

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Eli Carlos de Oliveira ◽  
Luiz Henrique Campos de Almeida ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli ◽  
Teresa Losada Valle ◽  
José Roberto Pinto de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Relative Growth

Vegetative canopy architecture, and plant population density, has a direct influence on the growth and production of crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of four cassava cultivars of contrasting canopies, in four population densities, during two vegetative cycles. A randomized complete block design was used in a subdivided plot scheme, with two replications, with the population densities in the plots and harvesting times in the subplots. ‘Branca de Santa Catarina’ (BSC), ‘IAC 13’, ‘IAC 14-18’ and ‘Fibra’ were collected every four months, beginning at 120 and ending at 720 days after planting (DAP). Primary data on dry matter and leaf area were calculated. The total dry mass (Wt), leaf area ratio (La), leaf area index (L), relative growth rate (Rw), and net assimilation rate (Ea) were calculated based on the primary data. All cultivars accumulated more total dry mass (Wt) at lower planting densities. The plants reached a higher leaf area ratio (La) 120 days after planting. In the second vegetative cycle, the four cultivars, independently of the population, presented a reduction of assimilate translocation to the leaves. Relative growth rate (Rw) of the cultivars varied strongly with the plant population only in the second cycle. ‘IAC 14-18’ showed greater dependence on spacing, and ‘Fibra’ less dependence. Growth (Rw) and assimilatory (Ea) rates decreased at the end of the first cycle, then increased slowly until the end of the second cycle of vegetation.

scholarly journals Why are tropical conifers disadvantaged in fertile soils? Comparison of Podocarpus guatemalensis with an angiosperm pioneer, Ficus insipida

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C Palma ◽  
Klaus Winter ◽  
Jorge Aranda ◽  
James W Dalling ◽  
Alexander W Cheesman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Fertilized Soil ◽  
Whole Plant

Abstract Conifers are, for the most part, competitively excluded from tropical rainforests by angiosperms. Where they do occur, conifers often occupy sites that are relatively infertile. To gain insight into the physiological mechanisms by which angiosperms outcompete conifers in more productive sites, we grew seedlings of a tropical conifer (Podocarpus guatemalensis Standley) and an angiosperm pioneer (Ficus insipida Willd.) with and without added nutrients, supplied in the form of a slow-release fertilizer. At the conclusion of the experiment, the dry mass of P. guatemalensis seedlings in fertilized soil was approximately twofold larger than that of seedlings in unfertilized soil; on the other hand, the dry mass of F. insipida seedlings in fertilized soil was ~20-fold larger than seedlings in unfertilized soil. The higher relative growth rate of F. insipida was associated with a larger leaf area ratio and a higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Higher overall photosynthetic rates in F. insipida were associated with an approximately fivefold larger stomatal conductance than in P. guatemalensis. We surmise that a higher whole-plant hydraulic conductance in the vessel bearing angiosperm F. insipida enabled higher leaf area ratio and higher stomatal conductance per unit leaf area than in the tracheid bearing P. guatemalensis, which enabled F. insipida to capitalize on increased photosynthetic capacity driven by higher nitrogen availability in fertilized soil.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND SEED YIELD OF SUNFLOWER ON SOIL FERTILIZED WITH CASSAVA WASTEWATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARA SUYANE MARQUES DANTAS ◽  
MARIO MONTEIRO ROLIM ◽  
ELVIRA MARIA REGIS PEDROSA ◽  
MANASSÉS MESQUITA DA SILVA ◽  
DANIEL DA COSTA DANTAS
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Cassava Wastewater

ABSTRACT Cassava wastewater is the liquid residue of the cassava flour processing and its application to the soil as fertilizer for agricultural crops is a good alternative to sources of nutrients for plants. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and seed yield of sunflower on soil fertilized with cassava wastewater. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, with six cassava wastewater rates (0, 8.5, 17, 34, 68 and 136 m3 ha-1) and six plant sampling times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing), using the sunflower cultivar Helio-250. The evaluated variables were total leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, shoot dry mass and sunflower seed yield. The use of cassava wastewater rate of 136 m3 ha-1 increases the seed yield, leaf area, leaf area index and shoot dry mass, and results in lower leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio of sunflower (cv. Helio-250) crops.

Phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate increases growth of transplanted 1-0 red oak

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Struve ◽  
W. Timothy Rhodus
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Auxin Treatment ◽  
Net Assimilation

The basal 1 cm of taproot of dormant bareroot 1-0 red oak (Quercusrubra L.) seedlings were given a 3-s dip in 20, 40, or 80 mM concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB), or equal parts IBA and P-ITB at 20 or 40 mM concentrations. Sixty control seedlings were dipped in 95% ethanol, while 30 seedlings were used for each auxin treatment. Seedlings were potted on May 12, 1986, and grown outdoors. At the end of the 104-day study period, all concentrations of IBA and P-ITB significantly increased number of roots regenerated (from 5.3 with 20 mM IBA to 11.9 for 80 mM IBA) compared with control seedlings. However, P-ITB-treated seedlings produced significantly more leaves (20–24) and leaf area (320–472 cm2), and up to 10 g more dry weight than IBA and non-auxin-treated seedlings. P-ITB treated seedlings had higher relative growth and net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratio than IBA-treated or control seedlings. Seedlings treated with 20 mM of equal parts IBA and P-ITB were similar to P-ITB-treated seedlings while seedlings treated with the 40 mM IBA and P-ITB combination were similar to IBA-treated seedlings.

Plant-size and fruit-position effects on reproductive allocation in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 1398-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Susko ◽  
Lesley Lovett-Doust
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Reproductive Allocation ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Total Seed

We examined the development of ovules and components of reproductive yield as they related to plant size and fruit position within plants of Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande from three sites. We found that both factors affected fruit and seed production, and patterns of ovule fate. Larger plants were more fecund than their smaller counterparts, while proximally positioned flowers within an inflorescence produced more seeds. Maternal investment was regulated according to plant mass at two levels: among fruits (small plants had significantly lower fruit-set than did large plants), and within fruits (small plants had significantly fewer ovules and significantly higher proportions of aborted ovules per fruit than did large plants). All absolute measures of reproduction had positive linear relationships with plant size, but a threshold size for flowering was not found. Most proportional measures of reproduction were independent of plant size. Small plants produced the same relative proportions of total seed number and total seed mass per unit plant dry mass as large plants. Therefore, proportional reproductive allocation did not vary with plant size. However, small plants produced proportionately more flowers per unit dry mass. Small plants may be maximizing their overall fitness through increased allocation to male function (flower production).Key words: Alliaria petiolata, plant-size effects, fruit-position effects, reproductive allocation, patterns of ovule abortion, seed maturation.

Analysis of early vigour in twenty modern cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Maydup ◽  
C. Graciano ◽  
J. J. Guiamet ◽  
E. A. Tambussi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Significant Coefficient ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Fast development of seedling leaf area is a relevant trait in order to increase early resource acquisition. The use of semi-dwarf genotypes of wheat has decreased early vigour of modern cultivars. We studied early vigour of 20 cultivars cropped in Argentina, and our main objectives were: (i) to analyse the genotypic variability in early vigour; (ii) to study morphological traits that can be good indicators of early vigour, such as seed mass, leaf width, and specific leaf area; and (iii) to determine whether increased dry mass allocation to roots impacts negatively on early vigour. Experiments with non-size-selected and size-selected seeds were carried out in a greenhouse. A field trial was also conducted in order to test the reliability of the greenhouse results. Seeds mass was the main parameter related to early vigour. However, results from the experiment with seeds selected by size (45–50 mg seed–1) showed that seed mass per se only partially explains early vigour, since a significant coefficient of determination was observed between the seedling leaf area of each cultivar in both experiments (i.e. with randomly chosen or size-selected seeds). We observed a high coefficient of determination between net assimilation rate and changes in the ranking of early vigour of the cultivars with time after transplant. Root biomass was positively correlated with leaf area, indicating that the traits were not mutually exclusive. We built simple models by multiple regression to predict early vigour, including some parameters that were easy to measure. Seed mass and leaf width taken together showed better fit than seed mass or leaf width alone. We found a significant coefficient of determination between early vigour in greenhouse and field experiments; thus, screening for early vigour under semi-controlled conditions may be feasible.

scholarly journals Growth of the crabgrass species Digitaria ciliaris and Digitaria nuda

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Souza ◽  
A.C. Dias ◽  
M.R.A. Figueiredo ◽  
F.E.B. Obara ◽  
P.J Christoffoleti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Absolute Growth

The aim of this research paper was to compare the growth of D. ciliaris and D. nuda crabgrass species under non-competitive conditions. To this end, two experiments were conducted, one from March - July 2010 and the other from February - June 2011. The experimental design of both trials was completely randomized making a factorial (2 seasons x 2 species crabgrass x 12 evaluation periods) with four replications. Assessments began at 15 days after sowing (DAS), and repeated weekly until 92 DAS. The variables evaluated were total dry matter (roots+leaves+stems), leaf area, leaf number and tiller. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and leaf area ratio were calculated using the means, which were adjusted regression models. The crabgrass species were significantly different in leaf area, leaf number, tiller number and dry matter per plant. D. ciliaris for all variables was statistically higher than D. nuda. Regarding the speed at which the growth of the species occurred, the absolute growth rate and relative growth rate of D. ciliaris was also greater than D. nuda. In addition, D. ciliaris also had a lower leaf area ratio indicating greater efficiency in converting light energy into carbohydrates. It can be concluded that D. ciliaris has a higher growth rate in conditions where there is no limitation of nutrients and water availability in relation to D. nuda, mainly due to D. ciliaris have greater leaf area, number of leaves and dry matter accumulation per plant.

scholarly journals DIFFERENT SHADING NETS IN ESCAROLE GROWTH

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-595
Author(s):  
Daniela Meira ◽  
Daniele Cristina Fontana ◽  
Carla Janaina Werner ◽  
Thais Pollon Zanatta ◽  
Patricia Brezolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Absolute Growth

The aim of work was to verify the effect of different shading levels in escarole crop, during summer in the northwest of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen RS Campus, in 2015 with Escarola Lisa escarole cultivar. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three shading levels (0%, 30%, 50%), with six replications. Growth evaluation were performed in destructive manner every seven days, from transplant to harvest point. From the information obtained, traits were determined: leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, biological productivity, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate. The data obtained were analyzed by the statistical program Genes, the Tukey test at 5% of error probability. The shading level 30% provided greater leaf area, higher biological productivity and absolute growth rate. However, the leaf area ratio was higher when shading level 50% was tested. However, it can be said that the shading levels favor growth of escarole crop.

scholarly journals Nutrient Solution Concentration Affects Shoot: Root Ratio, Leaf Area Ratio, and Growth of Subirrigated Salvia (Salvia splendens)

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Goo Kang ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Salvia Splendens

To evaluate the effects of nutrient concentration and pH of the fertilizer solution on growth and nutrient uptake of salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult. `Scarlet Sage'), we grew plants with five different concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution [0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0× full strength; electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.4, 0.7, 1.1, 2.0, and 3.7 dS·m-1, respectively]. In a concurrent experiment, plants were subirrigated with modified Hoagland solution at 0.5× concentration and one of five solution pH values: 4.4, 5.4, 6.4, 7.2, and 8.0. Shoot and total dry weight and leaf area increased greatly with increasing nutrient solution concentrations from 0.125 to 1.0×, while leaf photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration, and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing nutrient solution concentrations. Treatment effects on growth apparently were caused by changes in carbon allocation within the plants. Shoot: root ratio and leaf area ratio increased with increasing fertilizer concentration. Plants flowered 8 days later at low concentrations of nutrient solution than at high concentrations. Shoot tissue concentrations of N, P, K, and B increased, while C, Al, Mo, and Na decreased with increasing concentration of the nutrient solution. The pH of the nutrient solution had no effect on the growth or gas exchange of the plants, while its effects on nutrient concentration in the shoot tissue generally were smaller than those of fertilizer concentration. These results indicate that 1.0 to 2.0× concentrations of Hoagland solution result in maximum growth, apparently because the plants produce leaf area more efficiently at high fertilizer concentrations.

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