Effects of benomyl, clipping, and competition on growth of prereproductive Lotus corniculatus

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Target Plant

Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, defoliation, and competition can influence survival, growth, and fecundity of plants, but the combined effects of these factors are not well known. I examined how combinations of these factors influence biomass allocation and investment in root nodules by prereproductive Lotus corniculatus and whether the effects were ephemeral. Soil with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was treated with the fungicide benomyl or water and added to trays containing two L. corniculatus or one L. corniculatus and one Brassica napus (a nonmycotrophic species). Leaves of target L. corniculatus were undamaged or clipped five times over 40 days. Plants were harvested 5, 18, or 36 days after last clipping. Interspecific competition was the dominant effect at all harvests: B. napus greatly depressed growth of its neighbor. Benomyl depressed VAM colonization only in the first harvest, and growth reduction associated with depressed colonization diminished over time. Clipping reduced growth most in plants paired with conspecifics, but growth depression was transient. Benomyl and clipping reduced mass of root nodules in the first harvest. Benomyl reduced root mass in nontarget (competitor) L. corniculatus, but plants recovered with time. Neither benomyl nor clipping of the target plant affected B. napus. Interactions were few, indicating that the effects of factors were mostly additive. Key words: VAM fungi, resource allocation, nonmycotrophic competitor.

Occurrence and isolation of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in cropped field soils of Saskatchewan, Canada

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan C. Talukdar ◽  
James J. Germida
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Study Sites

Soil and root samples collected from fields cropped to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katepwa) and lentil (Lens esculenta L. cv. Eston) at 11 sites across four soil zones of Saskatchewan were analyzed for spore numbers, level of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization, and VAM species. The number of VAM spores detected in field soils ranged from 78 to 272 per 100 g soil. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae colonized wheat and lentil at all the field study sites, but levels of colonization in the two crops varied from site to site and the differences were more pronounced in wheat than in lentil. Generally, lentil both exhibited a higher percentage of VAM colonized roots and contained more arbuscules and vesicles than wheat roots. However, wheat appeared to be colonized by different types of VAM depending on the field sites. Differences in VAM colonization were not related to the moisture and temperature gradient of the four soil zones or soil properties. Seven VAM species were isolated by enriching indigenous VAM mixtures (collected from wheat field soils of six field sites) on maize. The VAM isolated most closely resembled Acaulospora denticulata, Gigaspora decipiens, Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus versiforme. The species composition of the VAM community varied at the different field sites.Key words: VAM, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus.

Local reduction of mycorrhizal arbuscule frequency in enriched soil microsites

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 998-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Duke ◽  
R. B. Jackson ◽  
M. M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Local Reduction ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Development Regulation ◽  
Control Patch

Increased nutrient availability reduces vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations with plants, but whether increased nutrients in small volumes of soil affect local VAM colonization is not known. In a field experiment we investigated VAM colonization at different times following fertilization of small soil patches. Soil volumes of ~ 1000 cm3 were treated with a nutrient solution (enriched patch) or distilled water (control patch) on opposite sides of individual plants of the tussock grass Agropyron desertorum and the shrub Artemisia tridentata. Agropyron had significantly lower (p = 0.03) arbuscular infection in the locally enriched patches compared to control patches (32 and 40%, respectively). This reduced arbuscule frequency was apparent at the first sampling (3 days following treatment application) and remained lower in each subsequent sampling (as much as 30% lower than the control patches). Artemisia revealed a similar pattern in arbuscule frequency but was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that a plant can locally reduce VAM development, since arbuscule frequency specifically was locally reduced even though vesicle and overall infection was not. Since mycorrhizal infection does not increase, we conclude that increased plant root proliferation and uptake capacity are likely to be more important for the exploitation of temporary nutrient pulses or patches than is increased mycorrhizal activity. Key words: arbuscule, nutrient exploitation, phosphorus, reduced development, regulation of colonization, soil heterogeneity, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.

scholarly journals Influence of Inoculation with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Posttransplant Growth of Prairie Forb Seedlings

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-772
Author(s):  
Ricky D. Kemery ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Echinacea Pallida ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Prairie Soil

The objectives of this study were to compare the growth of prairie forb seedlings inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi to noninoculated seedlings transplanted to a highway right-of-way and to evaluate the effect of different VAM fungal species or combinations on posttransplant seedling growth. Four species of prairie forbs: pale-purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida Nutt.), prairie blazingstar (Liatris pycnostachya Michx.), prairie phlox (Phlox pilosa L.), and gray-headed coneflower [Ratibida pinnata (Venten.) Barnh.], were grown in greenhouse mix and inoculated with Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall, or Glomus interadicies Schenk and Smith, or with a native Indiana prairie soil inoculum, or with a mix of all three. They were transplanted to a highway site in June, 1994. Only gray-headed coneflower exhibited a positive growth response to VAM inoculation. Inoculation of gray-headed coneflower with G. margarita produced the largest growth response by the end of the experiment.

scholarly journals The Use of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Boston Fern Production: I. Effects of Peat-based Mixes

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ponton ◽  
Y. Piché ◽  
S. Parent ◽  
M. Caron
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Uninoculated Control

The horticultural Boston fern [Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott cv. Verona] was micropropagated in vitro using commercial techniques. Rooted plantlets were transferred into pots containing one of three test substrates made of peat and vermiculite and subsequently inoculated with one of two species of Glomus. Survival of uninoculated control plants growing on a black peat-based mix was less than that on a brown peat-based mix. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation significantly increased survival on the former, but not the latter, substrate. The growth of roots was enhanced in brown peatmoss, but VAM colonization was faster with black peatmoss. Compared to uninoculated controls growing under the same fertilization regime, inoculated plants had significantly higher frond P and N concentration and also showed better frond and root growth. On a growth-increment basis, our results suggested that the brown peat-based mixed was more suitable for fungal activity and fern growth.

A technique for the isolation of intramatrical vesicles from vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1466-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jabaji-Hare ◽  
S. I. Sridhara ◽  
B. Kendrick
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

A method for isolating the vesicles of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi from within the roots of Allium porrum is presented. Colonized roots were homogenized with 0.3 M sucrose – 0.05 M NaHCO3 and filtered through cheesecloth. The supernatant was centrifuged (180 min, 82 000 g) on 1.3 M sucrose – 15 mM CsCl. Our tests yielded 46 000 vesicles per operator day, but the potential yield is limited only by the amount of root material available.

Utilization of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Menge
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Direct Inoculation

Commercial use of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) may be an alternative to rising agricultural energy and fertilizer costs. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae may be able to increase crop yields while reducing fertilizer and energy inputs. Since mycorrhizal fungi are naturally present in most soils, their unique fertilizer abilities are already being utilized by most crop plants. Commercial uses of VA mycorrhizal fungi are therefore currently restricted to situations where the natural populations of VAM fungi have been destroyed or damaged such as in fumigated or chemically treated areas, greenhouses, and disturbed areas such as coal spoils, strip mines, waste areas, or road beds. Commercial production of VAM inoculum is presently being attempted at several locations in the U.S. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum is produced by growing VAM fungi on the roots of suitable host plants under aseptic greenhouse conditions The inoculum consists of the host-plant growth medium and host roots associated with VAM hyphae and spores which have been ground and dried. Most large-scale uses of VAM involve the establishment of the mycorrhizae on seedlings which will be transplanted to the field. Large-scale methods for direct inoculation with VAM have not yet been devised, but in small trials, layering, banding, broadcasting, and pelleting seed with VAM inoculum have proved effective. Methods for determining what soils are most likely to benefit from applications of VAM fungi are available. The potential for employing VAM fungi on a wide scale in agriculture is dependent on the development of crop growth-promoting strains of VAM which are superior to native soil populations of VAM fungi.

scholarly journals Effect of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Tissue Culture-derived Plantlets of Strawberry

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 903-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC.G. Chávez ◽  
R. Ferrera-Cerrato
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Glomus Versiforme ◽  
Glomus Macrocarpum ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Glomus Sp

The responses of four micropropagated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars (`Douglas', `Tioga', `Aiko', and `Pajaro') to colonization by three vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi were determined under nursery conditions. Species of VAM endophytes were Glomus sp. CPH-23, Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & Tul., and Glomus versiforme Berth & Trappe. Yield in VAM plants tended to exceed that of nonVAM plants during the latter part of the harvest, but VAM effects differed widely with host-endophyte combinations. Cultivar-endophyte combinations producing the best yield were `Douglas'-Glomus sp. CPH-23, `Tioga'- G. macrocarpum, and `Aiko'- G. versiforme. The number of strawberries per plant differed significantly (P < 0.01) for `Tioga', depending on the cndophytes used. Root colonization by the endophytes varied from 25% to 75%. Yield was not related to colonization.

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) improve phosphorus and zinc nutrition and growth of pigeonpea in a Vertisol

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
NP Wellings ◽  
AH Wearing ◽  
JP Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

In a glasshouse trial, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) was grown in a Vertisol from the Darling Downs, Qld. The experimental design included two rates of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (nil and inoculated), three rates of phosphorus (P) application and two of zinc (Zn), and inoculation (nil and inoculated) with a recently discovered pathogen of pigeonpea, Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Pdr). lnoculation with the pathogen was included in the factorial design to investigate any effect of VAM on root rot. Plants responded to inoculation with VAM fungi, showing that the growth of pigeonpea is highly dependent upon mycorrhizal colonization of its root system. The mycorrhizal plants yielded, on average, 3.3 times the dry weight of the non-mycorrhizal plants. Shoot dry weight and Zn concentration of the shoots were both exponentially related to per cent VAM colonization of the root length ( R2 values of 0.904 and 0.644 respectively) and P concentration was linearly related to VAM colonization (R2 = 0.888). VAM increased P concentration, P uptake, Zn concentration, Zn uptake and P/Zn ratio, indicating enhanced growth through improved P and to a lesser extent Zn nutrition. Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil) without Phytophthora inoculation was fungitoxic to the mycorrhizae, decreasing per cent VAM colonization and depressing plant growth. lnoculation with Pdr did not result in infection and root rot symptoms. However, it did overcome the Zn toxicity, possibly through organic chelation effects, and thereby enhanced VAM colonization. Greatest VAM colonization and best plant nutrition and growth were obtained with the combination of VAM inoculation, Pdr inoculation, Zn (15 mg kg-1) and P (10 mg kg-1). Our results indicate the importance of maintaining adequate levels of VAM fungi in soil through appropriate agricultural practices in order to maximize pigeonpea growth.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND PRETRANSPLANT INOCULATION OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (VAM) FUNGI ON POSTTRANSPLANT GROWTH OF PROSOPIS ALBA GRIEB

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 741d-742
Author(s):  
Chris A. Martin ◽  
Jean C. Stutz
Keyword(s):  
Root Length Density ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Prosopis Alba ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Rooting Density

Prosopis alba (mesquite) in 27-liter containers, either infected or noninfected with the VAM fungi, Glomus intraradix Schenk & Smith, during the container production phase were transplanted into a simulated landscape and irrigated at regular intervals or nonirrigated (irrigated only once at transplanting time). Mesquite shoot extension (SE), trunk diameter, rooting density (RD), specific root length density (SRLD), and VAM colonization levels were measured at 6 months and 1 year after transplanting. At 6 months, VAM colonization was observed only in the roots of inoculated mesquite, but by 12 months, roots of inoculated and noninoculated mesquite were colonized by VAM fungi. There were higher levels of VAM colonization in roots of irrigated mesquite (23%) in comparison to nonirrigated mesquite (5%). Irrigation promoted SE and VAM inoculation inhibited SE of nonirrigated trees. Trunk diameter was greater for irrigated trees than for nonirrigated trees and was not affected by VAM fungal treatment. At 6 months after transplanting, VAM fungal and irrigation treatments interacted to affect mesquite RD and SRLD. For irrigated mesquite, RD and SRLD were highest for VAM-inoculated mesquite, whereas for nonirrigated trees, RD and SRLD were highest for noninoculated trees. At 12 months after transplanting, mesquite RD and SRLD were higher for irrigated than for nonirrigated trees and were not affected by previous VAM inoculation.

Susceptibility of barley cultivars to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Boyetchko ◽  
J. P. Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Glomus Species ◽  
The University

The relative susceptibility of selected barley cultivars produced in western Canada to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi under field and greenhouse conditions was evaluated in this study. Cultivars tested under field conditions at the University of Alberta and Lacombe research stations showed no significant differences in VAM colonization of barley roots; colonization was light. Greenhouse trials at the University of Alberta with eight cultivars inoculated with individual mycorrhizal species illustrated significant differences among the barley cultivars in their reactions to Glomus dimorphicum, G. intraradices, and G. mosseae. Distinct differences were observed in the ability of each Glomus species to colonize the barley cultivars. The VAM fungi increased growth and yield in some cultivars, depending on the Glomus species. This study indicates that a degree of host-specificity exists in VAM fungi and that the host-mycorrhizal fungus genotypes may influence the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Key words: Barley, cultivars, susceptibility, VA mycorrhizal fungi

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