scholarly journals Nutrition of ovule, embryo sac, and young embryo in soybean: an anatomical and autoradiographic study

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Chamberlin ◽  
Harry T. Horner ◽  
Reid G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Autoradiographic Study ◽  
Globular Embryo ◽  
Young Embryo ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Vascular Trace

Photosynthesizing soybean plants were exposed to 14CO2 to study the incorporation of labeled water-insoluble photosynthates in ovules at various developmental stages. Using autoradiographic techniques on sectioned material, we show that the distribution of labeled carbon in different ovular tissues is regulated spatially and temporally. During zygote through globular stages of embryo development, labeled assimilates accumulate in integumentary tissue adjacent to the micropylar and chalazal poles of the embryo sac. A chalazal vascular trace and two adfunicular vascular strands are the pathways for accumulation of 14C in these regions. Up through the proembryo stage, movement of labeled photoassimilates into the lateral regions of the embryo sac seems blocked by a cuticle-like layer between the endothelium and embryo sac. At the globular embryo stage, the greatest accumulation of label is still at the chalazal and the micropylar ends of the embryo sac, but fragmentation of the cuticle-like barrier coincident with cellularization of endosperm allows channeling of labeled carbon from adjacent integumentary tissue into the embryo sac as well. Autoradiographic evidence for carbon flow into the embryo sac can be correlated with ultrastructural and morphological changes in time in ovular and endosperm tissues enclosing the embryo. Key words: autoradiography, embryo sac, Glycine, nutrition, ovule.

Reproductive development in two species of Darwinia Rudge (Myrtaceae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Mature Embryo ◽  
Globular Embryo ◽  
Primary Endosperm Nucleus ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
History Of

In Darwinia the floral parts are differentiated in a "calyx-orolla-gynoeciumandroecium" sequence. In individual buds stages of microsporogenesis markedly precede corresponding stages of megasporogenesis. The anther is tetrasporangiate with all sporangia lying in one plane. The secretory tapetum is one- to three-layered within the same microsporangium and a large number of Ubisch bodies are formed. The anthers dehisce by minute lateral pores and an ingenious mechanism helps disperse the twocelled pollen grains. A basal placenta in the single loculus of the ovary bears four ovules in D. micropetala and two in D. fascicularis. In both species, however, only one ovule is functional after fertilization. The fully grown ovules are anatropous, crassinucellar, and bitegmic; the inner integument forms the micropyle. The parietal tissue is most massive at the completion of megasporogenesis but is progressively destroyed later. The embryo sac follows the Polygonum type of developnlent and when mature is five-nucleate, the three antipodals being ephemeral. Following fertilization, the primary endosperm nucleus divides before the zygote. Subsequent nuclear divisions in the endosperm mother cell are synchronous and lead to a free-nuclear endosperm which becomes secondarily cellular, starting from the micropylar end at the time the globular embryo assumes an elongated shape. Embryogeny is irregular and the mature embryo is straight with a massive radicle and a hypocotyl which terminates in two barely recognizable cotyledons. Sometimes the minute cotyledons are borne on a narrow neck-like extension of the hypocotyl. A suspensor is absent. Both integuments are represented in the seed coat and only the outer layer of the outer and the inner layer of the inner integuments, with their thick-walled tanniniferous cells, remain in the fully grown seed. The ovary wall is demarcated into an outer zone containing oil glands surrounded by cells containing a tannin-like substance and an inner zone of spongy parenchyma. In the fruit this spongy zone breaks down completely but the outer zone is retained. The two species of Darwinia, while closely resembling each other in their embryology, differ significantly from other Myrtaceae. However, no taxonomic conclusions are drawn at this stage, pending enquiry into the life history of other members of the tribe Chamaelaucieae.

Correlation between germinal vesicle and oocyte development in the adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A cytochemical and autoradiographic study

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
Marc Callebaut
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Germinal Vesicle ◽  
Autoradiographic Study ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Body Complex ◽  
Distinct Morphology

Continuity in the various developmental stages of the oocytes in the adult laying Japanese quail may be demonstrated with a method of whole stock labelling of their nuclei by successive applications of [3H]thymidine during their premeiotic period. Before they mature, the intraovarian oocytes of the adult Japanese quail go through three important successive stages. In each of these stages the chromosomes have a distinct morphology and cytochemical behaviour. During the first stage or prelampbrush chromosome stage, the chromosomes are Feulgen-positive or green after Unna, and on the autoradiographs show intense incorporation of [3H]uridine after injection of this RNA precursor into the animal. During the beginning of this period, which is of very variable duration, the oocyte seems to be in a state of structural stability. The most prominent feature found in the ooplasm of oocytes at this stage is the very large paranuclear Balbiani yolk-body complex, which can be found labelled after injection of [3H]thymidine into the animal. During the second stage or lampbrush chromosome stage, the Feulgen nuclear reaction in the chromosomes weakens or becomes negative and the paranuclear Balbiani yolk-body complex disappears. After Unna, the lampbrush chromosomes and their lateral loops are seen to be pyroninophilic. On the autoradiographs after intraperitoneal injection of [3H]uridine rapid and intense RNase-sensitive incorporation of this precursor over the chromosomes and nucleoplasm may be noted. During this stage there is thus both cytochemical and autoradiographic evidence for RNA synthesis in the rapidly enlarging germinal vesicle. During the third or postlampbrush stage activity in the germinal vesicle sharply decreases; the volume of the germinal vesicle no longer increases, the very contracted chromosomes are present in the form of Feulgenpositive vacuolized central spherules, and, after intraperitoneal injection of [3H]uridine into the adult laying quail, incorporation cannot be demonstrated in the chromosomes. By contrast, the fundamental part of the ooplasm derived from the cortex, at that moment shows both cytochemical and autoradiographic evidence of the presence and/or synthesis of nucleic acids. The postlampbrush stage is a characteristic feature of non-mature oocytes with a germinal disc and can only be found in regularly laying Japanese quails exposed to full daytime or continuous illumination.

scholarly journals A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5039 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-351
Author(s):  
JENNIFER M. MARTIN ◽  
ERIC J. HILTON
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Western Pacific Ocean ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Western Pacific

The family Trachipteridae—the Ribbonfishes, Dealfishes, and their relatives—has a circumglobal distribution, with at least 10 species in three genera (Zu Walters & Fitch 1960, Desmodema Walters & Fitch 1960, and Trachipterus Goüan 1770) that are characterized by elongate, extremely laterally compressed bodies, large eyes, absence of ribs, spines on lateral-line scales, greatly protrusible mouths, and a lack of pelvic fins in adults. They are also known for the drastic morphological changes that occur during ontogeny. Trachipterids are poorly represented in collections due to the fragile nature of their bodies. Most studies of the Trachipteridae have been limited by the numbers, developmental stages, and the completeness of the specimens that were examined. Along with the lack of available material, incomplete and conflicting character information compounds the taxonomic confusion of Trachipteridae. Despite the body of regional revisions that have examined trachipterid taxonomy, none have synthesized a suite of morphological characters across ontogeny. The goals of this paper are to (1) revise the family Trachipteridae, (2) revise the genera Trachipterus, Zu, and Desmodema, including information regarding ontogeny and biogeography, and 3) address the alpha taxonomy of Zu, Desmodema, and Trachipterus from the western Pacific Ocean. We recognize possibly five species of Trachipterus as being present in the western Pacific, as well as two species of both Zu and Desmodema. Despite additions to the specimen base that allows refinement of taxonomy and diagnoses, there are still large knowledge gaps associated with the taxonomic review of Trachipteridae. These reflect incomplete understanding of geographic distribution of taxa which may mask unrecognized taxonomic variability. The genus Trachipterus specifically remains problematic and will require greater detailed global study. Early life history stages remain unknown for several taxa which hinders full interpretation of ontogenetic transitions. Protracted transitions, some of which are clarified here, further confuse stage-based diagnoses and must be considered in future analyses of this family.  

Ovule and seed structure in Scolopia zeyheri (Scolopieae), with notes on the embryology of Salicaceae

Bothalia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. A. Steyn ◽  
A. E. Van Wyk ◽  
G. F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Seed Structure ◽  
Globular Embryo ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Old World ◽  
Seed Characters

Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv. is a widespread African tree and a member of the largest genus of the tropical Old World tribe Scolopieae (Salicaceae sensu lato). This light microscopic study is the first report on ovule and seed structure in the genus and the tribe. Ovules vary from four to six per ovary, are anatropous. crassinucellate. bitegmic and occur in an epitropous (rarely pleurotropous). median-parietal position in the unilocular, usually bicarpellate ovary. A very extensive nucellus cap. comprising nucellus epidermal derivatives and parietal tissue, characterizes the young ovule during mega- sporogenesis and megagametogenesis, but the chalazal nucellus is poorly developed. During meiosis. the micropvlar dyad cell degenerates early. The functional dyad cell forms two megaspores of which the chalazal one usually develops into a Polygonum-type embryo sac. At maturity, the micropylar end of the embryo sac is covered by the remnants of the nucellus epidermis, the parietal tissue having degenerated. The globular embryo has a short suspensor and lies in nuclear endosperm becoming cellular. The seed coat develops from both integuments, is tannimferous. has a glabrous surface with stomata and a single layer of exotegmic, longitudinal fibres.Results are compared with relevant information previously reported for genera in the tribes Flacourtieae. Samvdeae. Saliceae, Scyphostegiae and for Oncoha Forssk. (Salicaceae sensu lato). Embryologically Scolopia shows a number of ple- siomorphic features compared to other Salicaceae. For example, it lacks an extranucellar embryo sac. an apomorphic fea­ture in many Salicaceae. A summary of ovule and seed characters in Salicaceae sensu lato is given and contrasted with data available for Achariaceae  sensu lato. Embryological data broadly supports the reclassification of genera, traditionally referred to Flacourtiaceae. amongst Salicaceae sensu lato and Achariaceae sensu lato.

scholarly journals Ontogeny and Anatomy of the Dimorphic Pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1603
Author(s):  
Rachel Schwallier ◽  
Valeri van Wely ◽  
Mirna Baak ◽  
Rutger Vos ◽  
Bertie Joan van Heuven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Microstructure Development ◽  
Phase Progression ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Geometric Morphology ◽  
Similar Phase

An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. In many species, the conspicuously shaped upper and lower pitchers grow from a swollen leaf tendril tip until finally opening as insect-alluring devices. Few have studied the ontogeny of these traps from an anatomical and quantitative morphological perspective. We investigated whether the anatomy and development of lower and upper type pitchers of N. rafflesiana differ or overlap in terms of 3D geometric morphology and microstructure progression and presence. We hypothesized that there is an overlap in the initial, but not all, developmental stages of the two pitcher types and that one pitcher type is suspended in development. We identified four important morphological changes of pitcher ontogeny and defined these as curvation, elongation, inflation and maturation phases. Pitcher length indicated progress through developmental phases, and we propose to use it as a tool for indication of developmental stage. Microstructure development coincided with the developmental phases defined. Additionally, we discovered a new anatomical feature of extrafloral nectariferous peristomal glands between the inner peristome ridges of upper and lower pitchers being hollow and analyze the chemistry of the sugars on the outside of these glands. Ontogenetic shape analysis indicated that upper and lower pitcher types develop with similar phase progression but have no directly overlapping morphology. This means that upper pitchers are not a derived state from lower pitchers. Independent developmental programs evolved to produce distinctly shaped upper and lower pitchers in Nepenthes, likely to exploit different food sources.

scholarly journals Developmental stages of a mottled emigrant butterfly, catopsilia pyranthe

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Arju ◽  
MA Bashar ◽  
G Moula
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Laboratory Condition ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Life Cycle Duration

The overall life cycle, duration and survival rate of different developmental stages (egg, larva and pupa) of Catopsilia pyranthe conducted at 27 ± 3°C and RH 75% ± 2. showed that within 6.4 days 68% eggs hatched. The average duration from egg to adult, larval stage and pupal were 23.87, 10.93 and 6.8 days, respectively. Fifty six out of 68 larvae successfully completed their whole 5 instars. There were positive correlation among the larval instars, amount of food consumption and excretion of faeces. About 52% pupa were emerged as adult at laboratory condition. Key words: Life cycle; Catopsilia pyranthe; Developmental stages; Rearing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8961 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 171-179

scholarly journals Water deficiency at different developmental stages of Glycine max can improve drought tolerance

Bragantia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Panaia Kron ◽  
Gustavo Maia Souza ◽  
Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Conservative Strategy ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The One

Developmental windows are specific periods of sensitivity during normal plant development in which a perturbation may be adaptively integrated. In these periods, sub-lethal environmental perturbations may improve the capacity to grow at lethal conditions. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that previous non-lethal water deficit applied in different developmental stages in soybean plants could enables them to improve the tolerance to environmental perturbations. In order to test this hypothesis we carried out an experiment with soybean plants submitted to water deficit in different stages of plant development, evaluating yield and physiological aspects. Our results indicated that water deficit experienced on V4 stage (vegetative) induces more suitable response, enabling plants to develop a process of tolerance improvement to a further water shortage period, probably through a reduction of growth, which maintains a conservative strategy of energy use. On the other hand, water deficit in R1 stage (reproductive), increased the plant susceptibility to posterior water withholding. This " strategy" was the opposite of the one employed by plants on V4 stage, i.e., to maintain growth rate probably at the expense of a higher energetic cost.

scholarly journals Molecular and morphological changes in zebrafish following transient ethanol exposure during defined developmental stages

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengjin Zhang ◽  
Jared M. Frazier ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Yao Liu ◽  
Ju-Ahng Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ethanol Exposure

scholarly journals Vertical transmission of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus: hitch-hiking from gametes to seedling

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 1767-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Amari ◽  
Lorenzo Burgos ◽  
Vicente Pallás ◽  
Maria Amelia Sánchez-Pina
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Reproductive Tissues ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus ◽  
High Concentrations

The aim of this work was to follow Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) infection in apricot reproductive tissues and transmission of the virus to the next generation. For this, an analysis of viral distribution in apricot reproductive organs was carried out at different developmental stages. PNRSV was detected in reproductive tissues during gametogenesis. The virus was always present in the nucellus and, in some cases, in the embryo sac. Studies within infected seeds at the embryo globular stage revealed that PNRSV infects all parts of the seed, including embryo, endosperm and testa. In the torpedo and bent cotyledon developmental stages, high concentrations of the virus were detected in the testa and endosperm. At seed maturity, PNRSV accumulated slightly more in the embryo than in the cotyledons. In situ hybridization showed the presence of PNRSV RNA in embryos obtained following hand-pollination of virus-free pistils with infected pollen. Interestingly, tissue-printing from fruits obtained from these pistils showed viral RNA in the periphery of the fruits, whereas crosses between infected pistils and infected pollen resulted in a total invasion of the fruits. Taken together, these results shed light on the vertical transmission of PNRSV from gametes to seedlings.

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