The rotated-lamina syndrome. III. Cases in Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, and Tilia

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Normal Leaf ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Asymmetric Growth ◽  
Prunus Laurocerasus

The rotated-lamina syndrome occurs in all adult shoots of Tilia × europaea, and in lateral shoots of Corylus spp. and Prunus laurocerasus. Corylus and Prunus also have orthotropic radially symmetrical shoots that have normal leaf orientation. Development of the syndrome in leaf primordia in Tilia and Corylus is similar to that previously described in Ulmus, i.e., the leaf primordium is initially asymmetrical so that the leaf blade component of the primordium arises facing only obliquely towards the shoot apex, and further asymmetrical outgrowth of the leaf buttress brings the leaf blade region into the rotated position. Leaves of Begonia foliosa and the ventral leaves of (anisophyllous) Pellionia pulchra arise from initially symmetrical primordia, and lamina rotation occurs by asymmetric growth at the base of the leaf blade region. The process is similar to that in the woody examples but occurs at a proportionately later stage of leaf development. Development of the syndrome in Prunis laurocerasus and Magnolia × soulangeana differs considerably. Primordia are slightly asymmetrical but have normal dorsiventrality at first, but when the lamina arises the two edges of the leaf blade grow towards the same (upper) side of the bud, and this is responsible for most of the appearance of rotation. In general the upper stipule is initially larger than the lower and arises much earlier in Corylus and Tilia. Leaves that have normal orientation in Corylus and Prunus develop from quite symmetrical primordia, but those of Cotylus may show some asymmetry of stipule development. Shoots of all cases can be considered to show heteroblastic growth, and the early part of the heteroblastic sequence is prolonged in the orthotropic shoots with normally oriented leaves in Corylus and Prunus. The morphological and morphogenetic significance of the rotated-lamina syndrome is discussed. Key words: Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, Tilia, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.

The rotated-lamina syndrome. I. Ulmaceae

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Ulmus Glabra ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Final Orientation ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

In a number of plants, mostly woody, the components of the buds are arranged so that the laminae of the young leaves all face towards the same (upper) side of the bud, rather than towards the bud apex; in axillary buds they usually face towards the parent axis. This situation has been known for many years. For convenience, the general case is here called the rotated-lamina syndrome. There have been very few developmental investigations of how the laminae attain their unusual orientation, and these have come to different conclusions about cases in the Ulmaceae. This paper reports a detailed investigation of the syndrome in Ulmus glabra and Zelkova serrata, with comparative observations on other Ulmaceae, including cases in Celtis that do not exhibit the syndrome. The syndrome arises by different means in Ulmus and Zelkova. In Ulmus the leaf primordium is asymmetrical from the outset, the leaf blade region is obliquely dorsiventral from an early stage, and further asymmetrical growth of the leaf buttress rotates the whole leaf blade region into its final orientation as it develops. Individual shoots show heteroblastic development in progressing from bud scale to foliage leaf initiation, in increasing accentuation of the rotated-lamina syndrome, and in an increasing degree of dorsiventrality. In Zelkova, as previously described, the leaf blade region appears first as a radially symmetrical upgrowth, and it acquires dorsiventral symmetry directly in the rotated position. In Celtis spp. the lamina arises in a quite normal orientation, but reorients as it emerges from the bud. The leaf primordia of all species studied show asymmetry in other aspects, particularly in respect of stipule development, and these seem to be general features of the organisation of dorsiventral shoots. Key words: Ulmus, Zelkova, Celtis, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.

scholarly journals The Diverse Roles of Auxin in Regulating Leaf Development

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Xiong ◽  
Yuling Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Flat Structures ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Leaves, the primary plant organs that function in photosynthesis and respiration, have highly organized, flat structures that vary within and among species. In recent years, it has become evident that auxin plays central roles in leaf development, including leaf initiation, blade formation, and compound leaf patterning. In this review, we discuss how auxin maxima form to define leaf primordium formation. We summarize recent progress in understanding of how spatial auxin signaling promotes leaf blade formation. Finally, we discuss how spatial auxin transport and signaling regulate the patterning of compound leaves and leaf serration.

Formation of radial symmetric needle-like rosette leaves in Arabidopsis

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang-Ping Song ◽  
Da-Hui Liu ◽  
Yi-Bo Wang ◽  
Ya-Na Shi
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Radial Symmetry ◽  
Gus Expression ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Normal Leaf ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Important Physiological Process

AbstractIn the bodies of seed plants, lateral organs of the shoot, for example cotyledons, leaves, and floral organs, are determinate and exhibit localized planer growth resulting in breaking of radial symmetry and asymmetric development. Localized planer growth in the leaf generates the leaf blade, the principle site of photosynthesis in most plants. Development of flat and expanded lamina is an important physiological process. In these processes, a few kind of meristems cooperate with regulating leaf development. In this work, with transfer sense ASL11, sense ASL38 and antisense ASL15 under 35S promoter to to Arabidopsis (Col-0), we found a series of radial symmetric needle-like rosette leaves. By analyzing the anatomical and the epidermal cell features, our data suggests that in these malformed leaf blades, a few meristem tissues all can be suppressed or accelerated, and normal leaf blade morphology disappears. Pro ASL11:GUS expression further suggests that this process may be triggered by misexpression of a few transcription factors (Tfs).

scholarly journals Extended expression of MaKN1 contributes to the leaf morphology in aquatic forms of Myriophyllum aquaticum

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 611-621
Author(s):  
M.D. Shafiullah ◽  
Christian R. Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Myriophyllum Aquaticum ◽  
Knox Gene ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis

Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. is heterophyllous in nature with highly dissected simple leaves consisting of several lobes. KNOX (KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX) genes are believed to have played an important role in the evolution of leaf diversity. Up-regulation of KNOX during leaf primordium initiation can lead to leaf dissection in plants with simple leaves and, if overexpressed, can produce ectopic meristems on leaves. A previous study on KNOX gene expression in the aerial form of this species showed that this gene is expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), as well as in leaf primordia P0 to P8. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that the prolonged expression of the MaKN1 (Myriophyllum aquaticum Knotted1-like homeobox) gene beyond P8, might play an important role in the generation of more lobes, longer lobes, and hydathode formation in the aquatic leaves of M. aquaticum. The technique of in situ hybridization was carried out using a previously sequenced 300 bp fragment of MaKN1 to determine the expression patterns of this gene in the shoot of aquatic forms of the plant. Expression patterns of MaKN1 revealed that the SAM and leaf primordia of aquatic forms of M. aquaticum at levels P0 (youngest) to P4 were distributed throughout these structures. The level of expression of this MaKN1 gene progressively became more localized to lobes in older leaf primordia (levels P5 to P12). Previous studies of aerial forms of this plant showed MaKN1 expression until P8. Our results with aquatic forms show that the highly dissected leaf morphology in aquatic forms was the result of the prolonged expression of MaKN1 beyond P8. This resulted in the formation of elongated and slightly more numerous lobes, and hydathodes in aquatic forms. These findings support the view that KNOX genes are important developmental regulators of leaf morphogenesis and have played an important role in the evolution of leaf forms in the plant kingdom.

Phyllotaxis of the palm Euterpe oleracea Mart. at the level of the shoot apical meristem

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Barabé ◽  
Laura Bourque ◽  
Xiaofeng Yin ◽  
Christian Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Divergence Angle ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea Mart

Previous studies on palm phyllotaxis deal mainly with the mature trunk. The goals of this study are (i) to determine the relationship between the number of parastichies, the divergence angle, and the plastochrone ratio at the level of the shoot apical meristem; (ii) to examine whether there are fluctuations in the divergence angle; (iii) to interpret the significance of phyllotactic parameters with respect to the mode of growth of the apex. The tubular base of the leaf primordium is more or less asymmetrical, and completely surrounds the shoot apical meristem. The phyllotactic system corresponds to a (2, 3) conspicuous parastichy pair. The mean divergence angle per apex varies between 126.9° ± 9.3° (mean ± SD) and 135. 8° ± 8.0°. Divergence angles for all apices fluctuate within a range of 115.89° to 157.33°. The mean plastochrone ratios between apices varies from 1.35 ± 0.18 to 1.58 ± 0.12. The plastochrone ratio at each plastochrone for all apices ranges from 1.09 to 2.00. There is no correlation between the angle of divergence and the plastochrone ratio. There is a fluctuation in the value of the divergence angle that falls within the range predicted by the fundamental theorem of phyllotaxis. The high value of the ratio of the diameter of leaf primordia over the diameter of the apex, and the long plastochrone might explain the lack of correlation between certain phyllotactic parameters.

A crispa null mutant facilitates identification of a crispa-like pseudogene in pea

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Sainsbury ◽  
Alexander D. Tattersall ◽  
Michael J. Ambrose ◽  
Lynda Turner ◽  
T. H. Noel Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Null Mutation ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Null Mutant ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Data ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Redundant Gene

The genomes of several legume species contain two Phantastica-like genes. Previous studies on leaf development have found that Phantastica confers leaf blade adaxial identity in plant species with simple leaves and leaflet adaxial identity in pea (Pisum sativum L.), a legume with compound leaves. Previous characterisation of the phantastica mutant of pea, crispa, showed it had radialised leaflets, but stipules were not radialised. This suggested either that mutation of a second redundant gene was required for radialisation of stipules, or, that a null mutation was required. Previously characterised crispa mutants may not have exhibited radialised stipules because they were weak alleles. In this work we show that pea has a second Phantastica-like gene, which lies on a different chromosome to Crispa. The second gene was found to be a pseudogene in several genotypes of pea, therefore it would not have a role in conferring stipule adaxial identity. A new deletion mutant, crispa-4 was identified. The mutant has radialised stipules and leaflets, showing that Crispa confers adaxial identity on both these organs in pea. The nucleotide sequence data reported here are in the EMBL and GenBank Nucleotide Databases under the accession numbers DQ486060 (JI 2822), DQ486061 (JI 15), DQ486062 (JI 281) and DQ486063 (JI 399).

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. I. Predictability of leaf form and primordial length

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2645-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Leaf Form ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Plastochron Index

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) seedlings are heteroblastic; during development they produce two types of leaves, simple and compound. When grown under controlled conditions, the sequence of leaf types is predictable. Simple leaves are always at the first four nodes; compound leaves are always at node 8 and above. Nodes 5 through 7 have progressively fewer simple leaves and more compound leaves. Leaf growth on seedlings meets the preconditions of the plastochron index and leaf plastochron index. These indices, as well as the length of single expanding leaves, can be used to predict lengths of leaf primordia at nodes 4 and 8 so that early, simple and compound leaf development can be compared in further studies of green ash.

Leaf development in eight related grasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gao ◽  
D. Wilman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Rate Of Increase

SummaryLeaf development was studied in eight related grasses, grown in field swards cut at 5-week intervals, during the year of sowing and the subsequent year (1989 and 1990). The rate of leaf expansion was in the order Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue > hybrid ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The order of grasses was similar, but not identical, for rate of leaf appearance, rate of leaf extension, weight of leaf blade emerging per shoot per week and rate of increase in length of exposed leaf sheath, and the order was approximately the reverse for weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. The area per leaf blade increased greatly between May and October of the year of sowing, particularly in Westerwolds, Italian and hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue. Area per leaf blade in tall fescue increased greatly between May and July of the year of sowing and May–July of the subsequent year. Rate of leaf expansion in meadow fescue was much higher in May of the year after sowing than in the previous May.

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. III. Cell division activity and marginal meristems

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2662-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Histological Differentiation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Histological Criteria ◽  
Early Developmental

The early developmental stages of simple and compound leaves of green ash (50–400 μm long) were used to relate cell division activity (mitotic index) to developing leaf form and histological differentiation. Densely cytoplasmic cells within cross-sectioned leaf primordia have higher mitotic indices than protodermal cells and other internal cells that are more vacuolate. Among densely cytoplasmic cells mitotic indices decrease from the primordial leaf margin toward the procambium. Ground meristem cells within three to five cell widths of the primordial margin had the highest mitotic indices. Actual cell counts indicate that densely cytoplasmic cells increase in number in areas of leaf blade or leaflet initiation more than do vacuolate cells or protodermal cells. It is proposed that marginal meristems defined by spatial and histological criteria are important in producing new cells that are the basis for the generation of simple and compound leaf forms.

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