The effect of salinity on growth and amino acid composition in the marine diatom Nitzschia pungens

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2198-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Jackson ◽  
Stephen W. Ayer ◽  
Maurice V. Laycock
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Optimal Salinity ◽  
Maritime Canada ◽  
Total Amino Acids ◽  
Positive Compound ◽  
Nitzschia Pungens

Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries and N. pungens f. pungens, isolated from two estuaries in Maritime Canada, were grown at various salinities (6–48‰) and their growth rates and free amino acid compositions were determined. The optimal salinity range for growth of f. multiseries was 30–45‰, whereas that of f. pungens was 15–30‰. At higher salinities there was increased production of a ninhydrin-positive compound, which was identified as the amino acid taurine. When f. multiseries was grown at a salinity of 48‰ and rapidly exposed to 15‰, the concentration of taurine decreased markedly (from 61 to 7% of the total amino acids). The evidence indicates that taurine may serve to regulate the osmotic pressure of N. pungens f. multiseries, a role not previously assigned to taurine in a marine diatom. Key words: Nitzschia pungens, salinity, osmotic pressure, amino acids, taurine.

Sorbitol and proline as intracellular osmotic solutes in the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis M. Brown ◽  
Johan A. Hellebust
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Osmotic Solutes ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Total Amino Acids ◽  
Stichococcus Bacillaris

A freshwater isolate of Stichococcus bacillaris Naeg. (strain UTEX 314) was evaluated for its ability to grow, photosynthesize, and osmoregulate over a wide range of salinity. The growth and photosynthetic measurements indicate that it is a euryhaline organism. Studies of the soluble organic metabolite pools showed that the steady-state levels of two solutes varied with salinity; sorbitol (a polyol) and proline (an amino acid). Intracellular proline levels increased from 0.002 to 0.28 M over the salinity range of 0 to40%c whereas the sorbitol level increased from 0.10 to 0.52 M. The level of total amino acids (excepting proline) remained relatively constant. No single amino acid of this group exceeded an intracellular concentration of 0.04 M. The changes in the concentrations of these solutes accounted for at least 75% of the required increase in intracellular osmolality in cells following adaptation to high salinity media. Sorbitol and proline are very soluble, nontoxic, and are efficient osmotic solutes. These properties make them ideal solutes for osmoregulation.

Effect of Salinity on Photosynthetic 14CO2 Fixation and Amino Acid Pools of Bellerochea yucatanensis (v. Stosch) and Thalassiosira rotula (Meunier)

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 527-530
Author(s):  
Günter Döhler ◽  
Joachim Zink
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Marine Diatoms ◽  
14Co2 Fixation ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Photosynthetic Products ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Abstract The marine diatoms Bellerochea yucatanensis and Thalassiosira rotula were grown at different salinities (20/25, 35, and 40/45‰ salinity (S), respectively) under normal air (0.035 vol.% CO2). No significant variations in the percentage of gross photosynthetic products (e.g. total amino acids, sugar phosphates) were found as a function of salinity during growth. The bulk of the soluble 14C-radioactivity was detected in amino acids. 14C-labelling of glutamine increased markedly with salinity. Low salt - grown algae are characterized by enhanced amino acid pools, mainly of aspartic acid, asparagine and glutamine. It was found that the tested amino acids are not involved in osmoregulation.

Intracellular osmoregulatory role of amino acids and urea in marine elasmobranchs

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
RP Forster ◽  
L Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Raja Erinacea ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Intracellular Amino Acid ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide ◽  
Total Amino Acids ◽  
Positive Materials

Little skates, Raja erinacea, and stingrays, Dasyatis americana, were gradually transferred over a period of 4-5 days from full strength to approximatley 50% seawater. Plasma and muscle osmolarity fell. Hematocrits were essentially unchanged. Extracellular fluid volume (ECF) of muscle, estimated as the chloride space, increased 70% during this period. Regulation of muscle cell volume was associated with sharp declines in cellular concentrations of total amino acids (ninhydrin-positive materials) and urea. The osmoregulatory importance of the free amino acid pool in erythrocytes and muscle was a particularly prominent feature in both species. Intracellular amino acid concentration in R. erinacea muscle fell from 214 to 144 mmol/liter during transfer to 50% seawater, urea from 398 to 264, and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) dropped from 63.9 to 35.8 mmol/liter. TMAO plasma levels were similar in stingray and skate, but muscle TMAO concentrations were much higher in the former. Urea content in stingray plasma greatly exceeded that in R. erinacea-630 and 574 mmol/liter in two specimens-perhaps the highest recorded.

Correlation between osmoregulation and cell volume regulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (4) ◽  
pp. R768-R773
Author(s):  
M. A. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation

The euryhaline crab, Callinectes sapidus, behaves both as an osmoregulator when equilibrated in salines in the range of 800 mosM and below and an osmoconformer when equilibrated in salines above 800 mosM. There exists a close correlation between osmoregulation seen in the whole animal in vivo and cell volume regulation studied in vitro. Hyperregulation of the hemolymph osmotic pressure and cell volume regulation both occurred in salines at approximately 800 mosM and below. During long-term equilibration of the crabs to a wide range of saline environments, the total concentration of hemolymph amino acids plus taurine remained below 3 mM. During the first 6 h after an acute osmotic stress to the whole animal, the hemolymph osmotic pressure and Na activity gradually decreased, whereas the free amino acids remained below 3 mM. As the hemolymph osmotic pressure decreased below approximately 850 mosM, the amino acid level began to increase to 17-25 mM. This change was primarily due to increases in glycine, proline, taurine, and alanine. The likely source of the increase in hemolymph free amino acids in vivo is the free amino acid loss from muscle cells observed during cell volume regulation in vitro.

scholarly journals Impact of Huanglongbing Pathogen Infection on the Amino Acid Composition in Both Citrus Plants and the Asian Citrus Psyllid

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-He Zhang ◽  
Su-Li Ren ◽  
Zheng-Qin Su ◽  
Pei-Ping Xu ◽  
Da Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Total Amino Acids

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri is the main vector of the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which is the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing disease. Feeding by both ACP nymphs and adults on host plants allows them to obtain nutrition. Therefore, the nutritional content within the plant phloem is of much importance for the development and reproduction of ACP. The infection by pathogenic microbiomes may affect the amino acid contents of their host plants and then indirectly affect the biology of sap-feeding insects. In this study, we investigated the amino acid contents and their proportions in both CLas-infected and CLas-free citrus plants, ACP adults, and also in honeydew produced by ACP nymphs. Results showed that infection by CLas had a large impact on the amino acid species and proportion in all the tested target plants, ACP adults, and in the honeydew of ACP nymphs. The content of total amino acids in CLas-infected citrus was much higher than that of CLas-free citrus. However, CLas infection significantly reduced the proportion of essential amino acids (EAAs) in these plants. When feeding on CLas-infected citrus plants, ACP adults absorbed less total amino acids than those adults feeding on healthy plants, but the proportion of EAAs was significantly higher when they fed on CLas-infected citrus plants. The proportion of EAAs also significantly increased in the honeydew secreted by ACP nymphs that fed on CLas-infected citrus plants. However, EAA detection in the honeydew of ACP nymphs indicated that the utilization rate of EAAs by CLas positive ACP nymphs was reduced. Our study has revealed that CLas infection significantly affects the contents, proportion, and utilization efficiency of different amino acids in citrus plants, ACP adults, and nymphs, leading to a developmental pattern of ACP that is more conducive to CLas transmission.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Storage and Its Interaction with Carbohydrates of Young Almond Trees in Response to Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 796C-796
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi* ◽  
Carolyn Scagel ◽  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Predominant Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acids

June-budded `Nonpareil/Nemaguard' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) trees were fertigated with one of five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm) in a modified Hoagland's solution from July to September. In October, the trees were sprayed twice with either water or 3% urea, then harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2°C. Trees were destructively sampled during winter storage to determine their concentrations of amino acids, protein, and non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Increasing N supply either via N fertigation during the growing season or with foliar urea applications in the fall increased the concentrations of both free and total amino acids, whereas decreased their C/N ratios. Moreover, as the N supply increased, the proportion of nitrogen stored as free amino acids also increased. However, protein was still the main form of N used for storage. The predominant amino acid in both the free and total amino-acid pools was arginine. Arginin N accounted for an increasing proportion of the total N in both the free and total amino acids as the N supply was increased. However, the proportion of arginine N was higher in the free amino acids than in the total amino acids. A negative relationship was found between total amino acid and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, suggesting that TNC is increasingly used for N assimilation as the supply of N increases. Urea applications decreased the concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, but had little influence on concentrations of sorbitol and starch. We conclude that protein is the primary form of storage N, and that arginine is the predominant amino acid. Furthermore, the synthesis of amino acids and proteins comes at the expense of non-structural carbohydrates.

604. The importance of lactobacilli in the production of flavour in cheddar cheese: I. Growth of lactobacilli in cheese serum

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Mabbitt ◽  
M. Zielinska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance

1. The serum prepared by subjecting Cheddar cheese to pressure becomes inhibitory to the growth of lactobacilli as the cheese ripens.2. One factor responsible for the inhibitory phenomena is the increasing osmotic pressure of the serum due mainly to the increasing amounts of amino-acids present.3. Observations made during the ripening of a normal Cheddar cheese suggest that other factors, e.g. amino-acid imbalance, are also important.

Lemon Juice Composition. I. Characterization of California-Arizona Lemon Juice by Its Total Amino Acid and l-Malic Acid Content

1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl E Vandercook ◽  
Laurence A Rolle ◽  
Robert M Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Composition I ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Abstract The total amino acid and i-malic acid content of 61 samples of commercial California-Arizona lemon juice and lemon juice concentrates were studied. In characterizing these juices, relationships were observed between the natural citric acid content and the amounts of their total amino acids and l-malic acid. Total amino acids were determined by formol titration, while the l-malic acid was determined by measuring the optical rotation of a uranylmalate complex. Paper chromatograms of the individual amino acids are used to supplement these methods of analysis for characterizing lemon juice.

scholarly journals The α macroglobulins of rat serum

1976 ◽  
Vol 159 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Α2 Macroglobulin ◽  
Total Amino Acids

A three-stage method for isolation of α1 macroglobulin and α2 macroglobulin from the serum of normal and injured rats is described. The methods successively used, namely gel filtration, ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, were chosen to minimize loss of tryptic esterase-protecting activity. The two proteins differed slightly with respect to the following properties: mol.wt., α1 macroglobulin 7.46 × 10(5), α2 macroglobulin 7.16 × 10(5); isoelectric focusing, α1, macroglobulin pI 4.4, α2 macroglobulin pI4.5. Amino acid analyses were identical, except with respect to tyrosine: α1 macroglobulin 3.96 ± 0.24, α2 macroglobulin 3.16 ± 0.32 mol/100 mol of total amino acids. When isolated from the serum of uninjured rats, α1 macroglobulin retained the capacity to bind 1.05 mol of trypsin/mol. However, if isolated from serum 2 days after injury only 0.78 mol of trypsin/mol of α1 macroglobulin was bound. α2 macroglobulin isolated from this latter serum bound on average 0.97 mol of trypsin/mol. When reduced with N-acetylcysteine, both molecules formed subunits of size corresponding to that expected for quarter molecules. When α2 macroglobulin was reduced with dithiothreitol, quarter molecules were again produced. α1 macroglobulin, however, when thus treated gave a more complex mixture, containing a component having a mol.wt. of less than 6 × 10(4). Antisera raised against the two proteins permitted estimation of the concentration of each protein in the plasmas or sera of normal and injured rats. Plasma from normal male rats contained 3.76 ± 0.56 mg of α1 macroglobulin/ml (n = 33) and 0.016 ± 0.001 mg of α2 macroglobulin/ml (n=33). After injury by injection of turpentine and cortisone, the concentrations in plasma were at 3 days 5.19 ± 0.81 mg of α1 macroglobulin/ml (n = 12) and at 2 days 1.38 ± 0.35 mg of α2 macroglobulin/ml (n = 12). Antisera to the two proteins did not cross-react with one another. The quarter molecules formed by reduction of both proteins showed increased antigenicity.

scholarly journals Turkey-Hen Amino Acid Composition of Brain and Eyes

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Total Amino Acids

The amino acids composition of the brain and eyes of the mature Turkey-hen (Meleagris gallopavo L.),  were determined on dry weight basis. Total essential amino acids ranged from 35.1-36.0 g/100 g as 49.5-49.8% of the total amino acids. The amino acid score showed that lysine ranged from 0.76-0.91 (on whole hen’s egg comparison), 0.85-1.03 (on provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern), and 0.81-0.98 (on suggested requirement of the essential amino acid of a preschool child). The predicted protein efficiency ratio was 1.94-2.41, whilst essential amino acid index range was 1.06-1.08 and the calculated isoelectric point range was 3.97-4.18. The correlation coefficient (rxy) was positively high and significant at r = 0.01 for the total amino acids, amino acid scores (on the whole hen’s egg comparisons made) and the isoelectric point. On the whole, the eyes were better in 12/18 or 66.7% parameters of the amino acids than the brain of Turkey-Hen.

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