Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat varieties, landraces, and ancestors

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2032-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. D. Hetrick ◽  
G. W. T. Wilson ◽  
T. S. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Mycorrhizal Response

Using mycorrhizal fungi known to colonize wheat, the mycorrhizal dependence of various small grains including modem wheat varieties, primitive wheat lines, and wheat ancestors was studied. With the exception of the United States cultivar Newton and the German cultivars Apollo, Kanzler, and Sperber, dry weight of eight other modern wheats from the United States and Great Britain were increased by 29–100% following inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. All landraces from Asian collections or early introduced American cultivars were also dependent on the symbiosis, with dry weight increases averaging 169 and 55%, respectively. All wheat ancestors of the AA and BB genomes (except Aegilops speltoides) benefitted significantly from the symbiosis, whereas no benefit was observed for ancestors of the DD genome, tetraploid wheats of the AABB or AAGG genomes, or in the hexaploid ancestor Triticum zhukovskyi (AAAAGG genome). These differences in mycorrhizal response of the ancestors, lines, and cultivars were highly correlated with root fibrousness ratings. When the fungi used as a combined inoculum in the previous experiment were inoculated individually onto selected plant species or cultivars, 6 of the 10 isolates stimulated growth of Andropogon gerardii, a highly dependent grass species, and 8 of the 10 stimulated the growth of 'Turkey' wheat. In contrast, none of the isolates positively affected growth of 'Newton' or 'Kanzler' wheat cultivars, and in fact several fungi decreased the biomass produced by these two cultivars. These studies have demonstrated a strong genetic basis for differences in mycorrhizal dependence among cultivars. A trend for greater reliance on the symbiosis in older cultivated wheats than iin wheat ancestors or modern wheats was also observed. The depression in growth associated with certain mycorrhizal fungi and wheat cultivars demonstrates that colonization of roots does not guarantee benefit from the symbiosis. Key words: root fibrousness, growth response, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Mycorrhizal response in wheat cultivars: relationship to phosphorus

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. D. Hetrick ◽  
G. W. T. Wilson ◽  
T. C. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Mycorrhizal Responsiveness ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Response

The effect of five mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of 10 wheat cultivars under three phosphorus regimes was assessed in a greenhouse study. Six of the cultivars responded positively, while four responded negatively or were nonresponsive to mycorrhizal inoculation. The responses of the individual cultivars were consistent regardless of inoculum source, suggesting that mycorrhizal responsiveness is an inherited trait rather than a response to individual fungi. Mycorrhizal responsiveness decreased with P fertilization for cultivars that were dependent on the symbiosis, but it was unaffected by P fertilization in cultivars that were negatively impacted by the mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal and P responsiveness of each cultivar were highly correlated (r = 0.94), suggesting that P responsiveness may be a good predictor of the mycorrhizal dependence of selected wheat cultivars. The relationship between wheat biomass production and percentage root colonization was positive for cultivars, which responded favorably to the symbiosis, and negative for cultivars, which responded negatively or were nonresponsive to mycorrhizal inoculation. Amendment with P did not significantly affect these relationships. To determine whether differences in mycorrhizal responsiveness are related to nutrient uptake by the fungus, 32P uptake of Turkey (responsive cultivar) and Newton (nonresponsive cultivar) was controlled by severing the mycorrhizal hyphae in a split-pot experiment. Plants with intact hyphae absorbed more 32P than those with severed hyphae for both cultivars, and significantly more counts per minute of 32P were evident in Newton than in Turkey, suggesting that mycorrhizal function is not impaired even in cultivars that do not display a biomass increase in response to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Keywords: vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, pathogenesis, growth response, mycorrhizal symbiosis.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Root Rot on Soybean (Glycine max) in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1316-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Díaz Arias ◽  
G. P. Munkvold ◽  
L. F. Leandro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
First Report ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Fusarium spp. are widespread soilborne pathogens that cause important soybean diseases such as damping-off, root rot, Fusarium wilt, and sudden death syndrome. At least 12 species of Fusarium, including F. proliferatum, have been associated with soybean roots, but their relative aggressiveness as root rot pathogens is not known and pathogenicity has not been established for all reported species (2). In collaboration with 12 Iowa State University extension specialists, soybean roots were arbitrarily sampled from three fields in each of 98 Iowa counties from 2007 to 2009. Ten plants were collected from each field at V2-V3 and R3-R4 growth stages (2). Typical symptoms of Fusarium root rot (2) were observed. Symptomatic and asymptomatic root pieces were superficially sterilized in 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and placed onto a Fusarium selective medium. Fusarium colonies were transferred to carnation leaf agar (CLA) and potato dextrose agar and later identified to species based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Of 1,230 Fusarium isolates identified, 50 were recognized as F. proliferatum based on morphological characteristics (3). F. proliferatum isolates produced abundant, aerial, white mycelium and a violet-to-dark purple pigmentation characteristic of Fusarium section Liseola. On CLA, microconidia were abundant, single celled, oval, and in chains on monophialides and polyphialides (3). Species identity was confirmed for two isolates by sequencing of the elongation factor (EF1-α) gene using the ef1 and ef2 primers (1). Identities of the resulting sequences (~680 bp) were confirmed by BLAST analysis and the FUSARIUM-ID database. Analysis resulted in a 99% match for five accessions of F. proliferatum (e.g., FD01389 and FD01858). To complete Koch's postulates, four F. proliferatum isolates were tested for pathogenicity on soybean in a greenhouse. Soybean seeds of cv. AG2306 were planted in cones (150 ml) in autoclaved soil infested with each isolate; Fusarium inoculum was applied by mixing an infested cornmeal/sand mix with soil prior to planting (4). Noninoculated control plants were grown in autoclaved soil amended with a sterile cornmeal/sand mix. Soil temperature was maintained at 18 ± 1°C by placing cones in water baths. The experiment was a completely randomized design with five replicates (single plant in a cone) per isolate and was repeated three times. Root rot severity (visually scored on a percentage scale), shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were assessed at the V3 soybean growth stage. All F. proliferatum isolates tested were pathogenic. Plants inoculated with these isolates were significantly different from the control plants in root rot severity (P = 0.001) and shoot (P = 0.023) and root (P = 0.013) dry weight. Infected plants showed dark brown lesions in the root system as well as decay of the entire taproot. F. proliferatum was reisolated from symptomatic root tissue of infected plants but not from similar tissues of control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing root rot on soybean in the United States. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) G. L. Hartman et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 4th ed. The American Phytopathologic Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2006. (4) G. P. Munkvold and J. K. O'Mara. Plant Dis. 86:143, 2002.

scholarly journals Virulence Characterization of Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Ethiopia and Evaluation of Ethiopian Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Races of the Pathogen from Ethiopia and the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Kebede T. Muleta ◽  
Habtemariam Zegeye ◽  
Bekele Hundie ◽  
Michael O. Pumphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Additional Information

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Ethiopia. In total, 97 isolates were recovered from stripe rust samples collected in Ethiopia in 2013 and 2014. These isolates were tested on a set of 18 Yr single-gene differentials for characterization of races and 7 supplementary differentials for additional information of virulence. Of 18 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races identified, the 5 most predominant races were PSTv-105 (21.7%), PSTv-106 (17.5%), PSTv-107 (11.3%), PSTv-76 (10.3%), and PSTv-41 (6.2%). High frequencies (>40%) were detected for virulence to resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, Yr27, Yr28, Yr31, Yr43, Yr44, YrExp2, and YrA. Low frequencies (<40%) were detected for virulence to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, YrTr1, Hybrid 46, and Vilmorin 23. None of the isolates were virulent to Yr5, Yr15, YrSP, and YrTye. Among the six collection regions, Arsi Robe and Tiyo had the highest virulence diversities, followed by Bekoji, while Bale and Holeta had the lowest. Evaluation of 178 Ethiopian wheat cultivars and landraces with two of the Ethiopian races and three races from the United States indicated that the Ethiopian races were more virulent on the germplasm than the predominant races of the United States. Thirteen wheat cultivars or landraces that were resistant or moderately resistant to all five tested races should be useful for breeding wheat cultivars with resistance to stripe rust in both countries.

scholarly journals Use of Ground Miscanthus Straw in Container Nursery Substrates

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
James C. Locke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Foliar Nutrient

Abstract Pine bark (PB) is the primary component in nursery substrates in the United States. Availability of pine bark is decreasing and price is increasing. The objective of this research was to determine if miscanthus straw (MS) can replace all or part of the pine bark fraction in nursery container substrates. Five substrates were created that contained 15% sphagnum peatmoss, 5% municipal solid waste compost, and the remaining 80% consisted of one of the five following PB:MS ratios: 0:80, 20:60, 40:40, 60:20, and 80:0. Luna Red hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos) were grown in each substrate and evaluated for eight weeks in a greenhouse. Ground MS increased air space and decreased container capacity and bulk density as its concentration in the substrate increased. Additions of MS did not affect hibiscus chlorophyll content, and had negligible effects on hibiscus foliar nutrient levels. Increasing levels of MS caused a decrease in plant shoot dry weight, although growth reduction was most pronounced with 80% MS. Ground MS has potential to be a suitable substrate for nursery growers, however, some changes to management practices will be necessary.

scholarly journals Responses of Ornamental Grass and Grasslike Plants to Saline Water Irrigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-806
Author(s):  
Youping Sun ◽  
Alyssa Lanae Palmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Blue Grama ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Sea Oats ◽  
Ornamental Grasses

Ornamental grasses are popular in urban landscapes in Utah and the Intermountain West United States, one of the driest and fastest growing regions in the United States. This experiment evaluated the responses of five ornamental grass species [blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), indian sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), ‘Blue Dune’ sand ryegrass (Leymus arenarius), pink muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris), ‘Foxtrot’ fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides)] and two ornamental grasslike species [fox sedge (Carex vulpinoidea), common rush (Juncus effusus)] to saline irrigation water in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control) or saline solutions at an EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m–1. At the first harvest (9 weeks after the initiation of treatment), sand ryegrass, pink muhly grass, and fountain grass irrigated with solutions at an EC of 5.0 and 10 dS·m–1 had good visual quality with no or minimal foliar salt damage; however, the remaining species exhibited slight or moderate foliar salt damage. There were no significant differences in shoot dry weight (DW) among treatments within any species, except fox sedge and fountain grass. At the second harvest (18 weeks after the initiation of treatment), sand ryegrass, pink muhly grass, and fountain grass still had no or minimal foliar salt damage, and indian sea oats and fox sedge exhibited slight or moderate foliar salt damage. Compared with the control, all species irrigated with solutions at an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1 had reduced shoot DWs with the exception of blue grama. However, only common rush and pink muhly grass irrigated with solutions at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1 had lower shoot DWs than the control. These results demonstrated that seven ornamental grass or grasslike species had a very strong tolerance to the salinity levels used in the 4-month experiment. Although plant growth was inhibited as a result of saline irrigation, plant visual quality of sand ryegrass, pink muhly grass, and fountain grass was still acceptable. These three species appear to be more suitable for landscapes in which saline irrigation water is used. Further research is needed to evaluate more ornamental grasses for landscapes in salt-prone areas and nearby coastal regions.

scholarly journals First Report of Pythium irregulare on Lentils in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Paulitz ◽  
F. Dugan ◽  
W. Chen ◽  
N. J. Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight

In late June and early July 2002, stunted, chlorotic, and partially defoliated lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) were observed throughout the lentil-growing areas of eastern Washington. These symptoms were investigated in two fields near Garfield, WA and one field near Genesee, ID. Cv. Mason was more affected than cv. Brewer. Roots were dry and brittle with black discoloration in some cases. Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani were obtained from washed roots plated on water agar, but they were nonpathogenic in greenhouse testing in pasteurized field soil and peat-based growing mixes. On 21 April 2003, volunteer lentils growing in the same fields showed symptoms of root rot, and Pythium oospores were observed in the roots. Pythium spp. were isolated by using a selective medium (2). Oospores were aplerotic, intercalary, 12.6 to 21 μm long × 11.2 to 18.2 μm wide, mostly smooth, and often formed in chains. Isolates resembled P. paroecandrum Drechs. and P. irregulare Buisman on the basis of morphological characters (3), but DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region were closer to P. irregulare on the basis of a comparison with a worldwide database of Pythium sequences (C. A. Lévesque, personal communication). Isolates were deposited with the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, WA. Four hyphal-tip isolates were tested in the greenhouse with inoculum grown in autoclaved sandy loam amended with 1% ground rolled oats. Experiments were performed twice in Thatuna silt loam, first in pasteurized and then in nonpasteurized soil. Inoculum was added to the soil at 500 CFU/g, and seeds were planted on the same day. Each isolate was tested on cvs. Brewer and Mason, with five replicates per treatment. Plants were grown in 4- × 20.5-cm plastic tubes (two plants per tube) for 1 month at 16 to 22°C and supplemented with 14 h of light per day. P. irregulare was reisolated from infected roots in both experiments. Damping-off, stunting, chlorosis, and root rot were observed in the Pythium-inoculated treatments, which corresponded to symptoms observed in the field in 2002. In pasteurized soil, only one isolate reduced the whole, dry, plant weight of Brewer, but the other three isolates reduced the dry weight of Mason. All isolates reduced the root dry weight of Mason in natural soil, but only two isolates reduced the root dry weight of Brewer. To our knowledge, Pythium spp., but not P. irregulare, have been reported previously from lentils (1). P. irregulare also causes root rot on winter wheat, which is rotated with lentils, and this pathogen likely causes yield reduction in both crops. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) S. M. Mircetich and J. M. Kraft. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 50:151, 1973. (3) A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink. Stud. Mycol. 21:1, 1981.

scholarly journals Distribution of a New Invasive Species, Sipha maydis (Heteroptera: Aphididae), on Cereals and Wild Grasses in the Southern Plains and Rocky Mountain States

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1713-1721
Author(s):  
Gary J Puterka ◽  
Robert W Hammon ◽  
Melissa Franklin ◽  
Dolores W Mornhinweg ◽  
Tim Springer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Sorghum Production

Abstract Sipha maydis Passerini (Heteroptera: Aphididae) is a cereal pest with an extensive geographical range that includes countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Reports of S. maydis in the United States have been infrequent since it was first detected in California, 2007. Two studies, focused (NW CO) and multistate (OK, TX, NM, CO, UT, WY), were conducted to determine the distribution and host range of S. maydis in the Rocky Mountain and Southern Plains states over a 3-yr period, 2015–2017. In 2015, focused sampling in NW Colorado found S. maydis at 59% of the 37 sites, primarily on wheat. Sipha maydis did not survive extreme winter temperatures from late December 2015 to early January 2016 that ranged from −9.0 to −20.9°C over a 9-d period, which resulted in no aphids detected in 2016. In the multistate study, S. maydis occurred in 14.6% of 96 sites sampled in 2015, 8% of 123 sites in 2016, and 9% of 85 sites in 2017 at wide range of altitudes from 1,359 to 2,645 m. Sipha maydis occurred mainly in NW and SW Colorado and NE New Mexico along with a few sites in NE Colorado, SE Utah, and SE Wyoming. This aphid mainly infested wheat followed by a variety of eight wild grass species. No parasites, predators, sexual morphs, or significant plant damage occurred at the sites. Sipha maydis utilized 14 hosts in the United States including 8 new host records, which expands its host range to 52 plant species worldwide. Sipha maydis may be of concern to wheat, barley, and sorghum production in the United States if its populations continue to increase.

Production of Bareroot Roses Using Underground Drip Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 474a-474
Author(s):  
U.K. Schuch ◽  
J. Karlik ◽  
J.O. Becker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kern County ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Rose

The majority of rose producers in Kern County, Calif., use furrow irrigation to produce ≈50% of the rose plants in the United States. Two experiments were conducted to test the feasibility of producing bareroot roses using underground drip irrigation. Three rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivars, `Dr. Huey', `Manetti', and `Pink Simplicity', were used in both experiments. In the first experiment, drip tape was placed at a depth of 10, 20, 30, or 40 cm. After one growing season, plants irrigated with drip tape at 10-cm depth produced less shoot and total dry weight than plants irrigated with tape placed between 20 and 40 cm. `Manetti' was the most vigorous cultivar and produced ≈70% more shoot and total dry weight than the other two cultivars. In the second experiment, the plants of the three cultivars were spaced 15, 20, or 25 cm apart within the row and irrigated with drip tape placed at 20-cm depth. Total dry weight increased linearly with increased spacing of plants within the row. `Manetti' and `Pink Simplicity' produced higher shoot and total dry weight than `Dr. Huey' plants.

Existence of Ecotypes Among Populations of Entireleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederaceavar.integriuscula)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Field experiments were conducted using entireleaf morningglory seed collected from areas of adaptation throughout the United States to determine whether biotypes or ecotypes exist and whether differences in susceptibility to acifluorfen exist. Initiation of first flower for the entireleaf morningglory populations ranged from 63 to 81 d after emergence. The interval between emergence and initiation of first flower decreased 2.8 d for each increase in degree of latitude from which the seed was collected. Plants originating from southern latitudes remained in the vegetative phase longer and tended to produce more total dry-weight biomass than plants originating from northern latitudes. Thus, ecotypes do exist for entireleaf morningglory because of adaptation to a specific environment. The adaptation allows ecotypes to utilize the length of the growing season associated with the area of origin. Trichome density on the adaxial leaf surface ranged from 147 to 206 cm−2across the ecotypes and was not correlated with latitude or differences in acifluorfen susceptibility. Ecotypes differed in susceptibility to acifluorfen, but resistance among ecotypes was not evident.

Influence of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) management treatments on arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil aggregation

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Lutgen ◽  
M. C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Centaurea Maculosa ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hyphal Length

Spotted knapweed is an invasive mycorrhizal weed prevalent in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Little is known about the effects of spotted knapweed or its management methods on soil quality and soil structure. This study compared soils from spotted knapweed–infested areas with areas where spotted knapweed is being managed using several herbicides and mechanical treatments. We measured concentrations of glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), that is correlated with soil aggregate stability, AMF hyphal length, and percent water-stable aggregates (WSA) in soils from managed and unmanaged areas. Areas with high knapweed density (unmanaged areas) generally had lower glomalin concentrations and AMF hyphal lengths compared with areas receiving chemical and combined mechanical–chemical management treatments. Total glomalin was significantly negatively correlated with percent knapweed cover. However, WSA was high (70 to 80%) in soils from all management treatments and was not affected by knapweed cover. Our results suggest that spotted knapweed does not have negative effects on soil quality from our study site, likely because of the high aggregate stability of the soils in the area. However, Centaurea maculosa may have negative effects on soil quality in soils with lower aggregate stability.

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