Distribution patterns and interthalline interactions of epiphytic foliose lichens

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth John
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Ecological Strategies ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Flavoparmelia Caperata ◽  
Competition For Resources ◽  
Epiphyte Community

The foliose lichens of a corticolous epiphyte community were sampled using a grid of points and nearest neighbour sampling. Most species were found to have nonrandom distributions with respect to height and aspect on the tree trunk. The tendency of species to form exclusive patches and to contact other species showed large interspecific differences. Some formed monocultures and had fewer interspecific contacts than expected, while others did not form large patches and had more interspecific contacts than expected. Investigation of interspecific thallus overlaps revealed a hierarchy in which heavier species such as Flavoparmelia caperata (2.3 mg/mm2) overtop lighter ones such as Melanelia subaurifera (1.1 mg/mm2) more often than the converse is true. It is likely that being overtopped by another lichen puts a thallus at a disadvantage in competition for resources. The success of a species at overtopping another does not change according to location on the tree trunk. There was evidence that F. caperata excluded other species during succession. Key words: epiphytes, foliose lichens, thallus overlaps, interspecific competition, ecological strategies.

PALAEO-ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PALAEOCENE CALCAREOUS ALGAE FROM THE CAUVERY BASIN, INDIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Tidal Flat ◽  
South India ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Calcareous Algae ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Cauvery Basin ◽  
Ecological Information

Palaeocene limestone of the Ninniyur Formation of the Cauvery Basin contains abundant well-preserved calcareous algae. These various types of calcareous algal seem to be controlled by the characteristics of each type environments in which they developed and thus they provide useful palaeo-ecological information of the Ninniyur Formation. The distribution patterns of these groups of calcareous algae, extending from tidal flat to reefal environments have been observed in the Palaeocene of the Ninniyur Formation, Cauvery Basin South India. Key words: Ninniyur formation, Calcareous algae, Palaeoecology. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

scholarly journals The Effects of Water Levels and Interspecific Competition on Two Carex Species in a Temperate Wetland of Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10654
Author(s):  
Wenwen Tan ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Xinhou Zhang ◽  
Changchun Song
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Wetland Plants ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Carex Lasiocarpa ◽  
Temperate Wetland ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristic

Zonation along a water level is the main spatial distribution characteristic of wetland plants. This is mainly because of the influences of hydrological conditions and interspecific competition, which finally narrow the fundamental niche of a species to its realized niche. In the present study, a controlled experiment was conducted in order to analyze the relationship between Carex lasiocarpa/Carex pseudocuraica and Glyceria spiculosa, in conditions of three competitive treatments at four water levels. The results showed that in no competition, C. lasiocarpa preferred low water levels, but this preference receded when competing with G. spiculosa. In contrast, C. pseudocuraica had greater preference for low water level when competing with G. spiculosa. The root/shoot ratios of the two Carex species decreased with increasing water levels, but they were almost unaffected by different competition treatments. With the increase in water level during full competition with G. spiculosa, the competitive ability of C. lasiocarpa showed an increasing trend, whereas a contrary trend was observed in C. pseudocuraica. Our results suggested the effects of water levels and their interactions with interspecific competition varied between the two Carex species and played an important role in determining spatial distribution patterns and potential community succession of wetland plants.

scholarly journals Distribution pattern and habitat preference of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac Zimmermann) in Nagarjun forest, Kathmandu

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Nagarkoti ◽  
Tej Bahadur Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Schima Wallichii

The distribution pattern and habitat preference of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac Zimmermann) were analyzed during spring and rainy seasons of 2005 in Nagarjun Forest, Kathmandu. A total of 14 observations (seven males and seven females), 247 pellets and 118 footprints of barking deer were recorded in the spring and 14 observations (nine males and five females), 151 pellets and 140 footprints were recorded during the rainy season. The result showed uneven or clumped distribution patterns for deer in both spring (S2√X = 331.03 > 1; Χ² = 331.02, p = 0.01) and rainy season (S2√X = 233.48 > 1; Χ² = 233.48, p = 0.01). Among four types of habitats (Schima wallichii forest, mixed broadleaved forest, pine forest and dry oak forest), the mixed broadleaved forest was much preferred in spring (RPI = 0.81) and pine forest during the rainy season (RPI = 0.15). Key words: Barking deer, Muntiacus muntjac, distribution, habitat preference, Nagarjun forest, Nepal Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.4(6) 2007 p.70-74

WIND EFFECT ON DISCER INCORPORATION OF HERBICIDE GRANULES INTO SOIL

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
R. L. KUSHWAHA ◽  
W. B. REED
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Wind Effect ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Combined Operation ◽  
Wind Velocities

Soil surface distribution patterns of herbicide granules from a Gandy dribble type applicator were determined under different wind velocities in the laboratory and verified in the field. Results indicted that a combined operation of application and incorporation during seeding with a discer would not provide satisfactory placement of granules assuming wind velocities that occur normally in Saskatchewan during the seeding period. Key words: Wind, discer, herbicide granules, incorporation

Co-existence, Demography and Distribution Patterns of Two Co-occurring Ecologically Equivalent Fynbos Proteaceae Species

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Midgley ◽  
N. J. Enright ◽  
R. M. Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
Cape Peninsula ◽  
Rocky Habitats

Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) Beuk. and Mimetes fimbriifolius Salisb. ex J.Knight co-occur in the southern Cape Peninsula, where we studied their distribution patterns, demography and fire responses. Leucospermum conocarpodendron has relatively larger seedlings and is therefore the likely competitive dominant. Adults and seedlings of both species are widely spaced and interspecific competition is unlikely to cause competitive exclusion. Differences between the two species in recruitment levels and fire-mortality are small. Thus their size-class distributions are very similar. They are restricted to shallow-soil rocky habitats, not only because of reduced fire intensity in these sites, but because these are habitats avoided by the faster growing more competitive reseeding Proteaceae. Co-existence of these two species appears to mainly be due to fire keeping populations sparse, and ants keeping individuals fairly isolated.

scholarly journals Distribusi Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue dan Habitat Perkembangbiakan Nyamuk Aedes aegypti serta Indeks Pupa pada Daerah Endemis dan Non Endemis di Kabupaten Sumba Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Wadu Wila ◽  
Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto ◽  
Mujiyanto Mujiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Cluster Distribution ◽  
Endemic Areas

Abstract Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia has spread in 34 provinces and 463 districts/cities. The Incidence Rate (IR) of DHF in East Sumba Regency in 2016 was 28.84 and 2017 increased to 55.28/100,000 population. The descriptive research was to describe the pattern of the spread of DHF cases and the habitat for the proliferation of DHF vectors and index pupae in the DHF endemic and non-endemic areas.The results showed that the Nearest Neighbor Ratio value in endemic areas was 0.292003 and in non-endemic areas was 0.718375. Moreover, the house pupae index was 53.3% and 41.0%, respectively The number of pupae/houses in endemic areas was 16.9 pupae/house, and in non-endemic areas was 11.9 pupae per house. The average pupae in each container in endemic areas were 3.6 pupae/container and sporadic areas were 2.2 pupae/container. The pupae/person value in endemic areas was 3.5 pupae/person and non-endemic areas was 2.2 pupae/person. The study concluded that there was a spatial relationship between DHF cases and DHF vector habitat with cluster distribution patterns. The number of pupae per house and pupae per person is still above the threshold value for DHF transmission in both endemic and non endemic areas. Keywords: DHF, endemicity, habitat, pupae index, East Sumba Abstrak DBD di Indonesia telah menyebar di 34 provinsi dan 463 kabupaten/Kota. Incidence Rate (IR) DBD pada tahun 2015 sebesar 89,37/100.000 penduduk dan menurun pada tahun 2016 menjadi 78,85/100.000 penduduk. Incidence Rate (IR) DBD di Kabupaten Sumba Timur tahun 2016 sebesar 28,84 dan 2017 meningkat menjadi 55,28/100.000 penduduk. Tujuan penelitian deskriptif ini adalah untuk menggambarkan pola penyebaran kasus DBD dan habitat perkembangbiakan vektor DBD serta pupa indeks di daerah endemis dan non endemis DBD, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, NTT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai Nearest Neighbour Ratio daerah endemis sebesar 0,292003, dan pada daerah non endemis sebesar 0,718375. House pupae index pada daerah endemis sebesar 53,3 % dan daerah non endemis 41,0%. Jumlah pupae/rumah pada daerah endemis lebih besar yaitu 16,9 pupae/rumah dan daerah non endemis sebanyak 11,9 pupae per rumah. Rata-rata pupae pada setiap container pada daerah endemis sebanyak 3,6 pupae/container dan daerah sporadis sebesar 2,2 pupae/container. Nilai pupae/person pada daerah endemis sebesar 3,5 pupae/person dan daerah non endemis 2,2 pupae/person. Kesimpulan penelitian yaitu terdapat hubungan spasial antara kasus DBD dan habitat vektor DBD dengan pola penyebaran cluster. Jumlah pupa per rumah dan pupa per orang masih di atas nilai ambang batas penularan DBD baik pada daerah endemis maupun non endemis. Kata kunci: DBD endemisitas, habitat, pupa indeks, Sumba Timur

Understanding the ecological niche to elucidate spatial strategies of the southernmost Tupinambis lizards

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofía Lanfri ◽  
Valeria Di Cola ◽  
Sergio Naretto ◽  
Margarita Chiaraviglio ◽  
Gabriela Cardozo
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Species Distribution Models ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Spatial Strategies

Understanding factors that shape ranges of species is central in evolutionary biology. Species distribution models have become important tools to test biogeographical, ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. Moreover, from an ecological and evolutionary perspective, these models help to elucidate the spatial strategies of species at a regional scale. We modelled species distributions of two phylogenetically, geographically and ecologically close Tupinambis species (Teiidae) that occupy the southernmost area of the genus distribution in South America. We hypothesized that similarities between these species might have induced spatial strategies at the species level, such as niche differentiation and divergence of distribution patterns at a regional scale. Using logistic regression and MaxEnt we obtained species distribution models that revealed interspecific differences in habitat requirements, such as environmental temperature, precipitation and altitude. Moreover, the models obtained suggest that although the ecological niches of Tupinambis merianae and T. rufescens are different, these species might co-occur in a large contact zone. We propose that niche plasticity could be the mechanism enabling their co-occurrence. Therefore, the approach used here allowed us to understand the spatial strategies of two Tupinambis lizards at a regional scale.

Interspecific competition between two generalist parasitoids that attack the leafrollerEpiphyas postvittana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Feng ◽  
S. Wratten ◽  
H. Sandhu ◽  
M. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Epiphyas Postvittana ◽  
Host Discrimination ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Light Brown Apple Moth

AbstractTwo generalist parasitoids,Dolichogenidea tasmanica(Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andTherophilus unimaculatus(Turner) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attack early instars of tortricid moths, including the light brown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The two parasitoids co-exist in natural habitats, whileD. tasmanicais dominant in vineyards, whereasT. unimaculatusoccurs mainly in adjacent native vegetation. This difference suggests possible competition between the two species, mediated by habitat. Here, we report on the extent of interspecific differences in host discrimination and the outcome of interspecific competition between the two parasitoids. The parasitoids did not show different behavioural responses to un-parasitized hosts or those that were parasitized by the other species. Larvae ofD. tasmanicaout-competed those ofT. unimaculatus, irrespective of the order or interval between attacks by the two species. The host larvae that were attacked by two parasitoids died more frequently before a parasitoid completed its larval development than those that were attacked by a single parasitoid. Dissection of host larvae parasitized by both species indicated that first instars ofD. tasmanicaattacked and killed larvalT. unimaculatus.

Effects of interspecific competition on food hoarding and pilferage in two sympatric rodents

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (11) ◽  
pp. 1579-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmao Zhang ◽  
Haiyang Gao ◽  
Zheng Yang ◽  
Zhenzhen Wang ◽  
Yang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Food Hoarding ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Apodemus Peninsulae ◽  
Chinese White ◽  
Field Mice ◽  
Competition For Resources

Food hoarding and pilferage in rodents may be regulated by intense competition between sympatric species that have similar habitats, diets and activity, but studies exploring this remain rare. Here, we used semi-natural enclosures to investigate food-hoarding and cache pilferage interactions between sympatric Korean field mice (KFM) (Apodemus peninsulae) and Chinese white-bellied rats (CWR) (Niviventer confucianus). KFM and CWR have similar diets, habitat and nocturnal activity, but the smaller KFM larder and scatter hoards and larger CWR larder hoard only. We found that KFM harvest, larder-hoard and eat seeds at a greater intensity when CWR are present as an audience (present but cannot pilfer). KFM ate 11.5%, re-larder-hoarded 17.9% and re-scatter-hoarded 1.3% of their scatter-hoarded seeds, and ate 29.3% of their larder-hoarded seeds when CWR were present as pilferers. A total of 12.8% of the seeds scatter-hoarded and 50% of seeds directly put on the ground by KFM were pilfered by CWR. CWR did not alter hoarding intensity in the presence of KFM and their stores cannot be pilfered by KFM. These results indicate that large-sized rodent species (more dominant) significantly increase the hoarding intensity of small-sized species and show a unidirectional pilferage of seeds cached by small-sized species. The behavioural differences between these two species may reduce competition for resources and promote coexistence between sympatric rodents.

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