Trends in the pollination ecology of the Orchidaceae: evolution and systematics

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Louis Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Pollinator Species ◽  
Plant Taxon ◽  
Pollinator Specialization ◽  
The Cost

Reduction in the number of pollinator species per plant species is a mechanism that may lower the cost of pollen transfer. Using efficient pollinators may have an evolutionary significance. It is hypothesized that an evolutionary trend from many pollinators to few pollinators per plant species should be observable when species from ancestral versus recently derived monophyletic taxon are compared. Three different orchid phylogenetic sequences are used; two of the phylogenies show a reduction in the number of pollinator species per orchid species from the most ancestral to the most recently derived subfamilies. The third classification did not show this trend. It is thus possible to observe macroevolution of pollinator specialization of a monophyletic plant taxon. Key words: evolution, pollination, systematics, Orchidaceae, evolutionary ecology.

The Community of Ecological Opportunities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. McPeek
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Pollinator Species ◽  
Different Types

This chapter examines ecological opportunities that are available to species in various positions within a biological community, with particular emphasis on identifying the criteria necessary for an ecological opportunity to exist. Before discussing what performance capabilities a species must have to fill different types of ecological opportunities and what is required for invasibility of species into different functional positions in a community, the chapter considers the different frameworks that have been used to model species interactions. It then describes resource and apparent competition to show how resource availability from below and predation pressure from above can affect the types of species that can exploit specifc ecological opportunities. It also analyzes communities with three trophic levels, intraguild predation or omnivory, mutualism, the mechanisms that foster coexistence between one plant species and one pollinator species, and the case of one plant species with multiple pollinators.

scholarly journals Pollination by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps in the endangered Caladenia arenaria and Caladenia concolor (Orchidaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noushka Reiter ◽  
Björn Bohman ◽  
Marc Freestone ◽  
Graham R. Brown ◽  
Ryan D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Nectar Foraging ◽  
Pollinator Species ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Pollination Strategy ◽  
Pollination Systems

Prior to undertaking conservation translocations of plants with specialised pollination systems, it is important to ensure the presence of pollinators at recipient sites. Here, for two threatened species, Caladenia concolor Fitzg. and Caladenia arenaria Fitzg. (Orchidaceae), we determine (i) the pollination strategy used, (ii) which floral visitors are involved in pollination, and (iii) whether the pollinator species are present at potential translocation sites. For both orchid species, pollination was primarily achieved by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps, with a single species responsible for pollination in C. concolor, whereas C. arenaria utilised at least two species to achieve pollination. Both orchid species secreted meagre quantities of sucrose on the upper surface of the labellum. Visits to C. concolor occurred primarily in the late afternoon, with some wasps perching on the flowers overnight. Surveys revealed that pollinators were present at all extant populations and most potential translocation sites for both orchids. The specialisation on one pollinator species in C. concolor means that the distribution of the pollinator needs to be considered for conservation translocations. With C. arenaria, the risk of hybridisation with other Caladenia that are known to share one of its pollinator species needs to be taken into account when selecting translocation sites.

scholarly journals Medico-botanical studies of Sandwip island in Chittagong, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Hassan Sajib ◽  
S. B. Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Traditional Herbal Medicine ◽  
Chicken Pox ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Plant Taxon

A study of the plant diversity of Sandwip Island has been conducted during July 2008 to April 2011 in order to document plant species used as traditional herbal medicine. A total of 111 species under 93 genera of 53 families have been documented which are used for the treatment of 48 diseases/illness. The local people of the island mostly depended on herbal medicine for their primary health care. Twenty one recorded medicinal plant species are used for the treatment of various types of pain, 14 each for dysentery and rheumatism, 8 each for cough and haemorrhages, 7 for skin diseases, 6 for worms, 5 for boils, 4 each for jaundice and fracture, 3 each for chicken pox, fever and diabetes and 54 for other diseases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15463Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 39-49, 2013 (June)

A fundamental thermostable cyanide-sensitive phosphoenolpyruvate acid carboxylase in photosynthetic and other organisms

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pan ◽  
E. Roy Waygood
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Optimum Ph

A thermostable 'phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase' has been isolated from leaves of Zea mays different from phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.31) in that its optimum pH is 5.4, it does not liberate orthophosphate during the reaction, and it is inhibited by cyanide. The enzymic reaction has an optimum temperature of 70–75C and has been purified through steps including acidification to pH 4.6, heat treatment to 50C, and DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. Three fractions were active in the Sephadex eluate, but only fraction III was free from a thermostable acid phosphatase which catalyzes the liberation of orthophosphate from the substrate and the end product which is suggested to be a C4 phosphocarbonyl compound, although phosphohydroxypyruvate appears by either spontaneous or enzymic decarboxylation. The enzyme is assayed by the formation of a phenyl-hydrazone at 325 nm. The enzyme is localized and tightly bound in both the parenchyma bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts, which are free from the thermostable acid phosphatase. Similar concentrations of the enzyme have been found in all plant species tested including C3 plants, ferns, bryophytes, algae, fungi, and even in calf liver. The enzyme must have considerable evolutionary significance.

scholarly journals Not all interactions are positive: testing how antagonistic interactions impact the robustness of plant-pollinator networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Briggs ◽  
Carolyn A. Ayers ◽  
Paul R. Armsworth ◽  
Berry J. Brosi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Nectar Robbing ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Pollinator Species ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Topological Robustness ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

AbstractGiven ongoing pollinator declines, it is important to understand the dynamics of linked extinctions of plants driven by pollinator extinctions. Topological robustness models focused on this question suggest relatively high robustness of plant species to pollinator species extinctions. Still, existing robustness models typically assume that all interactions in plant-pollinator networks are positive, which is clearly not always the case. For example, many pollinators remove floral resources with-out transferring pollen, or even damage floral structures in the case of nectar robbing. Here we introduce antagonistic interactions into plant-pollinator networks and assess the resilience of plant communities to pollinator species losses. Incorporating antagonistic interactions leads to lower network robustness, i.e. an increased rate of plant species loss (as compared to networks with only mutualistic interactions) in empirical plant-pollinator networks. In conjunction with extinction order, the addition of increasingly antagonistic interactions was idiosyncratic in that it did not always magnify the effects of extinction order across the three networks. These results underscore the importance of considering the full spectrum of interaction outcomes when assessing robustness to coextinctions in plant-pollinator networks, as well as other ecological systems.

scholarly journals Genome-wide Study of SBT Genes in Eight Plant Species: Evolution and Expression Outlines for Development and Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulin Wen ◽  
Guanqun Chen ◽  
Tingting Huang ◽  
Xiaohui Shen
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
Classification Feature ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Species Evolution ◽  
Genome Wide Study ◽  
Diverse Plant

Abstract Background: Subtilisin-like proteases (or subtilases, SBT), a specific family of serine peptidases, are a very big family in plants. Previous studies showed association of SBTs with environment response and development. However, it is still unclear about the function and features of SBTs. Also, there is little information about SBTs classification or protein function research.Results: The characters of SBTs in eight plant species including Arabidopsis, rice, wheat etc. were analyzed. The analysis mainly contained evolutionary relationship, gene structure, chromosomal location, gene synteny and expression pattern. In short, the evolutionary trend of SBTs in the eight plant species was revealed. The expression pattern showed a scattered distribution of SBTs in diverse plant organs.Conclusions: Our results reveal classification, feature and expression pattern of SBT. Then the results might offer clues for future studies about SBTs and additionally related to their possible function in plants against stress and development.

scholarly journals Mast seeding promotes evolution of scatter-hoarding

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1839) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Zwolak ◽  
Dale Clement ◽  
Andrew Sih ◽  
Sebastian J. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Mast Seeding ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Future Consumption ◽  
Seed Fall ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Parameter Values

Many plant species worldwide are dispersed by scatter-hoarding granivores: animals that hide seeds in numerous, small caches for future consumption. Yet, the evolution of scatter-hoarding is difficult to explain because undefended caches are at high risk of pilferage. Previous models have attempted to solve this problem by giving cache owners large advantages in cache recovery, by kin selection, or by introducing reciprocal pilferage of ‘shared’ seed resources. However, the role of environmental variability has been so far overlooked in this context. One important form of such variability is masting, which is displayed by many plant species dispersed by scatterhoarders. We use a mathematical model to investigate the influence of masting on the evolution of scatter-hoarding. The model accounts for periodically varying annual seed fall, caching and pilfering behaviour, and the demography of scatterhoarders. The parameter values are based mostly on research on European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) and yellow-necked mice ( Apodemus flavicollis ). Starvation of scatterhoarders between mast years decreases the population density that enters masting events, which leads to reduced seed pilferage. Satiation of scatterhoarders during mast events lowers the reproductive cost of caching (i.e. the cost of caching for the future rather than using seeds for current reproduction). These reductions promote the evolution of scatter-hoarding behaviour especially when interannual variation in seed fall and the period between masting events are large. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants’.

scholarly journals Ethnoveterinary medicinal practices in tribal regions of Andhra Pradesh, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prayaga Murty Pragada ◽  
Geddada Mohan Narasimha Rao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
Plant Taxon

The present communication deals with the plants used to treat common diseases in cattle and pet animals in the tribal belts of Andhra Pradesh, India. For the purpose of the ethnoveterinary practices, 108 plant species belonging to 99 genera and 51 families were identified. The present study reveals that leafy parts rank first, among the various plant parts used to treat different ailments of the livestock.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v19i1.10936Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19(1): 7-16, 2012 (June)

scholarly journals Angiosperms in Narsingdi district of Bangladesh: Class Magnoliopsida

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-171
Author(s):  
Robayda Khanam ◽  
Saleh Ahammad Khan ◽  
Md Abdur Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Jaccard Coefficient ◽  
Rauvolfia Serpentina ◽  
Taxonomic Information ◽  
Plant Taxon

This study presents taxonomic information on 468 plant species belonging to 326 genera and 85 families of the angiospermic class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledones) from Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. In this area, Fabaceae with 53 species of 37 genera is the largest family, followed by Asteraceae with 25 species of 24 genera and Rubiaceae with 21 species of 17 genera. Ficus with eight species is appeared as the largest genus, which is followed by Persicaria and Solanum with seven species each, Lindernia with six species, Phyllanthus with five species, and Acacia, Amaranthus, Senna, Sida and Trichosanthes with four species each. Herbs are comprised of 230 (49.14%) species that are followed by trees of 120 (25.64%) species, and shrubs of 118 (25.21%) species. The similarity measured by Jaccard coefficient shows that the six upazilas of Narsingdi district are relatively more similar (75.47%) in their species composition if they are compared all together. However, the similarities vary from 9.03% to 50% if only two upazilas are compared. In this district, total 333 species have been distinguished as economically useful. The species Rauvolfia serpentina of Apocynaceae, Geophila repens of Rubiaceae and Acmella radicans of Asteraceae have been assessed as Endangered (E) in this district. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 153-171, 2020 (June)

The Timing and Patterning of Flowering

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Willmer
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
Pollen Receipt

This chapter examines the factors that affect the timing and patterning of flowering, as well as the effects of different flowering patterns on pollination outcomes. Plants should flower in ways that maximize their own reproductive success. The “flowering pattern” is a composite of the timing and frequency of individual flowers opening, and also of floral longevity. These phenological factors vary between and within species. Flowering phenology can influence the plant’s manipulation of its visitors in ways that should increase either or both of pollen transfer and pollen receipt. The chapter first considers the frequency of flowering and the shape of the flowering period before discussing flower longevity and flowering period. It also explores the question of how big a flower should be, how many flowers a plant should have at any one time, what determines the phenological parameters for a particular plant species, and where the flowers should be placed.

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