Comparative leaf development of conventional and semileafless peas (Pisum sativum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Côté ◽  
Jean M. Gerrath ◽  
Usher Posluszny ◽  
Bernard Grodzinski
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Lateral Leaflet ◽  
Cylindrical Form ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Elongation Phase

Comparative leaf development of conventional (cv. Improved Laxton's Progress) and semileafless (cv. Curly) peas was studied three-dimensionally, from initiation to maturity. The pattern of initiation of leaf primordia, stipules, and the pairs of lateral leaflet and tendril primordia is the same for both cultivars. However, their respective developmental pathways diverge by the time four pairs of lateral primordia have formed. In the conventional cultivar, the basal lateral primordia become increasingly dorsiventral as they develop into leaflets. Distal lateral primordia retain a cylindrical form and develop into tendrils. In contrast, basal first-order lateral primordia of the semileafless cultivar retain a cylindrical form and initiate second-order primordia, first in pairs, then in an alternate pattern. These second-order primordia develop into tendrils. Distal lateral primordium initiation and development are the same in both cultivars. Macroscopic development was subdivided into three stages based on tendril function. Stage I is an elongation phase during which the coiling response is not yet exhibited. During stage II, the tendrils are thigmotropic and retain their capacity to elongate. By stage III the tendrils have completed coiling and they no longer respond to thigmotropic stimuli. Stage I lasts an average of 1.4 ± 0.1 days in 'Improved Laxton's Progress' and 2.1 ± 0.1 days in 'Curly' from emergence from the stipule. Stage II may last up to 8 days, with an average of 6.4 ± 0.2 and 6.9 ± 0.3 days for 'Improved Laxton's Progress' and 'Curly', respectively, under greenhouse conditions for both cultivars. Key words: peas, Pisum sativum, leaf development, tendrils, afila.

Frontal osteomas: standardising therapeutic indications

2011 ◽  
Vol 125 (10) ◽  
pp. 1020-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
L M Gil-Carcedo ◽  
E S Gil-Carcedo ◽  
L A Vallejo ◽  
J M de Campos ◽  
D Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Tumour Mass ◽  
Surgical Indications ◽  
Monitoring Protocol ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractBackground:We believe the currently accepted indications for frontal osteoma surgery are inappropriate. We propose a new osteoma classification system, below, in order to standardise surgical decisions.Method:Osteomas were classified based on: relationship of tumour mass to sinus size; tumour proximity to the infundibulum, destruction of sinus walls, and complications. Forty-five osteoma cases were thus classified (1971–2007), 29 of which underwent surgery (64.44 per cent).Results:Three stages were thus derived: I, tumour/air fraction less than one-third, tumour distant from the infundibulum, no sinusitis, and no complications (18 patients (40 per cent)); II, tumour/air fraction one-third to one-half, no infundibular obstruction, no bone destruction, no sinusitis, and no complications (six (13.33 per cent)); and III, tumour/air fraction more than one-half, partial or total infundibular obstruction, sinusitis, bone destruction, and/or complications (21 (46.67 per cent)).Conclusion:Study findings suggest the following surgical indications: stage I, no surgery required, implement monitoring protocol; stage II, implement monitoring protocol, surgery may be required depending on tumour severity and general patient condition; and stage III, surgery always required. This system provides a method of standardising osteoma surgical decisions.

scholarly journals Influences of High-Speed Train Speed on Tunnel Aerodynamic Pressures

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Jianming Du ◽  
Qian Fang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Gan Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
High Speed Train ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Maximum Peak ◽  
Train Speed ◽  
Three Stages

To comprehensively investigate the characteristics of aerodynamic pressures on a tunnel caused by the whole tunnel passage of a high-speed train at different speeds, we conduct a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations. Based on the field test results obtained by other researchers, the input parameters of our numerical simulation are determined. The process of a high-speed train travelling through a railway tunnel is divided into three stages according to the spatial relationship between the train and tunnel. Stage I: before train nose enters the entrance; Stage II: while the train body runs inside the tunnel; Stage III: after the train tail leaves the exit. The influences of high-speed train speed on the tunnel aerodynamic pressures of these three stages are systematically investigated. The results show that the maximum peak pressure value decreases with increasing distance from the entrance and increases with increasing train speed in Stage I. There is an approximately linear relationship between the three types of maximum peak pressure (positive peak, negative peak, and peak-to-peak pressures) and the power of the train speed in Stage II. These three types of maximum peak pressure values of the points near tunnel portals increase with increasing train speed in Stage III. Moreover, these three types of maximum peak pressure in the tunnel’s middle section at different train speeds are more complex than those near the tunnel portals, and there is one or more turning points due to the superimposed effects of different pressure waves.

scholarly journals MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS THYROID GLAND OF WHITE-BREASTED MALE HEDGEHOG IN THE PERIOD OF PUBERTY

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
D.N. Fiadotau ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Morphological State ◽  
End Of Puberty

The issue of the morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid gland of male white-breasted hedgehogs during puberty on the territory of Belarus was studied. Material for the study was taken from 15 males, who were divided into three stages of studying the sexual maturation of hedgehogs: stage I - prepubertal period, stage II - the beginning of puberty, and stage III - activation of the gonads and the end of puberty. The results obtained characterize the morphological state of the thyroid gland of male white-breasted hedgehogs during puberty, and thus makes it possible to use morphometric indicators of structures as indicators of the environment and physiological states (for assessing puberty).

Growth of crop communities and the production of yield.

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-88
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Egli
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Community Growth

Abstract This chapter focuses on developing general model of community growth and the production of yield by grain crops. Murata's (1969) three-stage system provides such a model. It is useful because it is simple (only three stages), it applies equally well to all grain crop species (although there are some species variation in minor details), it clearly identifies the sequential nature of the yield production process and the three stages relate to the primary drivers of the yield production process at the community level. First, the crop must accumulate the leaf area that drives community photosynthesis (Stage I), then seed number is determined (Stage II), and finally seed filling occurs (Stage III) and the production of yield is finished. High yield of any variety/location combination requires, at a minimum: (i) the production of enough leaf area index (LAI) during Stage I to maximize solar radiation interception and community photosynthesis; and (ii) an absence of stress during Stage II to maximize seed number and during Stage III to allow the seeds to fill to their maximum potential size. The scheme provides a powerful framework for us to think about how management decisions and environmental conditions affect yield.

A survey of white mica crystallinity and polytypes in pelitic rocks of Snowdonia and Llŷn, North Wales

1985 ◽  
Vol 49 (352) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Merriman ◽  
B. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Regional Metamorphism ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
White Mica ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Volcaniclastic Rocks ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Pelitic Rocks

AbstractPelitic rocks in North Wales, ranging in age from late Precambrian to Silurian were sampled. XRD analysis was used to determine the mineralogy and white mica crystallinity of separated < 2 µm fractions. Results show that three stages of metapelite recrystallization can be distinguished. Stage I metapelites are uncleaved or feebly cleaved with crystallinities > 0.43Δ°2θ; the 1Md polytype dominates < 2 µm fractions, occurring as K-and Na-micas. Stage II metapelites show variable cleavage development and crystallinities in the range 0.26-0.43Δ°2θ; 1Md and 2M1 polytypes occur and K- and Na-micas are commonly regularly interstratified. Stage III metapelites are strongly cleaved with crystallinities < 0.26Δ°2θ; the 2M1 polytype is dominant, occurring as K-mica and paragonite. Pelites bearing pyrophyllite, rectorite, and corrensite are found close to plug-like intrusions and were contact altered prior to regional metamorphism. 1M mica is common in deeply buried but relatively undeformed volcaniclastic rocks of the Arfon Group.Contours of equal crystallinity (isocrysts) are plotted with metabasite zones on a metamorphic map. This shows that stage I metapelites are equivalent to the subpumpellyite zone (≡?laumontite zone). Stage II metapelites are equivalent to the prehnite-pumpellyite facies and stage III metapelites to the clinozoisite and biotite zones of the greenschist facies.

Postcriterion Insertion of a Second Relevant Dimension in a Simple Discrimination Problem

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Hergenhahn ◽  
Charles Myers ◽  
Jack Capehart
Keyword(s):  
Irrelevant Dimension ◽  
Discrimination Problem ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Simple Discrimination ◽  
Three Stages

Thirty-one human Ss participated in a discrimination problem having three stages. Stage I involved one relevant dimension and one irrelevant dimension. Ss were trained to a criterion of eight successive correct responses. After reaching criterion on Stage I, Ss began Stage II, in which both the relevant and irrelevant cues from Stage I were maintained, and one more relevant and one more irrelevant dimension were added. At this point, it was possible for Ss to solve the problem by responding to the “old” relevant cue, the new cue, or both. Certain theories predict a sampling of the inserted cues; others predict they will not be sampled. In Stage III, the relevant and irrelevant cues from Stage I were dropped out. Solution of the problem could be gained only by responding to the cues inserted in Stage II. A control group was overtrained on Stage I and then went directly to Stage III. The data supported theories predicting sampling of all cues in Stage II.

Identification of biomarkers and functional modules from genomic data in stage-wise breast cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athira K ◽  
Vrinda C ◽  
Sunil Kumar P V ◽  
Gopakumar G
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Multiple Stages

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women across the world, with high incidence and mortality rates. Being a heterogeneous disease, gene expression profiling based analysis plays a significant role in understanding breast cancer. Since expression patterns of patients belonging to the same stage of breast cancer vary considerably, an integrated stage-wise analysis involving multiple samples is expected to give more comprehensive results and understanding of breast cancer. Objective: The objective of this study is to detect functionally significant modules from gene co-expression network of cancerous tissues and to extract prognostic genes related to multiple stages of breast cancer. Methods: To achieve this, a multiplex framework is modelled to map the multiple stages of breast cancer, which is followed by a modularity optimization method to identify functional modules from it. These functional modules are found to enrich many Gene Ontology terms significantly that are associated with cancer. Result and Discussion: predictive biomarkers are identified based on differential expression analysis of multiple stages of breast cancer. Conclusion: Our analysis identified 13 stage-I specific genes, 12 stage-II specific genes, and 42 stage-III specific genes that are significantly regulated and could be promising targets of breast cancer therapy. That apart, we could identify 29, 18 and 26 lncRNAs specific to stage I, stage II and stage III respectively.

Cardiac transthyretin wild-type amyloidosis (ATTRwt): a prospective study of 400 patients followed at the Italian referral center

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Milani ◽  
L Obici ◽  
R Mussinelli ◽  
M Basset ◽  
G Manfrinato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Staging Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Cardiac wild type transthyretin (ATTRwt) amyloidosis, formerly known as senile systemic amyloidosis, is an increasingly recognized, progressive, and fatal cardiomyopathy. Two biomarkers staging systems were proposed based on NT-proBNP (in both cases) and troponin or estimated glomerular filtration rate, that are able to predict survival in this population. The availability of novel effective treatments requires large studies to describe the natural history of the disease in different populations. Objective To describe the natural history of the disease in a large, prospective, national series. Methods Starting in 2007, we protocolized data collection in all the patients diagnosed at our center (n=400 up to 7/2019). Results The referrals to our center increased over time: 5 cases (1%) between 2007–2009, 33 (9%) in 2010–2012, 90 (22%) in 2013–2015 and 272 (68%) in 2016–2019. Median age was 76 years [interquartile range (IQR): 71–80 years] and 372 patients (93%) were males. One hundred and seventy-three (43%) had atrial fibrillation, 63 (15%) had a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy and 64 (15%) underwent pacemaker or ICD implantation. NYHA class was I in 58 subjects (16%), II in 225 (63%) and III in 74 (21%). Median NT-proBNP was 3064 ng/L (IQR: 1817–5579 ng/L), troponin I 0.096 ng/mL (IQR: 0.063–0.158 ng/mL), eGFR 62 mL/min (IQR: 50–78 mL/min). Median IVS was 17 mm (IQR: 15–19 mm), PW 16 mm (IQR: 14–18 mm) and EF 53% (IQR: 45–57%). One-hundred and forty-eight subjects (37%) had a concomitant monoclonal component in serum and/or urine and/or an abnormal free light chain ratio. In these patients, the diagnosis was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy or mass spectrometry. In 252 (63%) the diagnosis was based on bone scintigraphy. DNA analysis for amyloidogenic mutations in transthyretin and apolipoprotein A-I genes was negative in all subjects. The median survival of the whole cohort was 59 months. The Mayo Clinic staging based on NT-proBNP (cutoff: 3000 ng/L) and troponin I (cutoff: 0.1 ng/mL) discriminated 3 different groups [stage I: 131 (35%), stage II: 123 (32%) and stage III: 127 (33%)] with different survival between stage I and II (median 86 vs. 81 months, P=0.04) and between stage II and III (median 81 vs. 62 months, P&lt;0.001). The UK staging system (NT-proBNP 3000 ng/L and eGFR 45 mL/min), discriminated three groups [stage I: 170 (45%), stage II: 165 (43%) and stage III: 45 (12%)] with a significant difference in survival: between stage I and stage II (86 vs. 52 months, P&lt;0.001) and between stage II and stage III (median survival 52 vs. 33 months, P=0.045). Conclusions This is one of the largest series of patients with cardiac ATTRwt reported so far. Referrals and diagnoses increased exponentially in recent years, One-third of patients has a concomitant monoclonal gammopathy and needed tissue typing. Both the current staging systems offered good discrimination of staging and were validated in our independent cohort. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Incidence and Severity of Nasal Injuries in Preterm Infants Associated to Non-Invasive Ventilation Using Short Binasal Prong

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110104
Author(s):  
Débora de Fátima Camillo Ribeiro ◽  
Frieda Saicla Barros ◽  
Beatriz Luci Fernandes ◽  
Adriane Muller Nakato ◽  
Percy Nohama
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Non Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Nasal Injury ◽  
Cause And Effect Diagram

Short binasal prongs can cause skin and mucosal damage in the nostrils of preterm infants. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and severity of nasal injuries in preterm infants during the use of short binasal prongs as non-invasive ventilation (NIV) interfaces. A prospective observational study was carried out in the public hospital in a Southern Brazil. The incidence and severity of internal and external nasal injuries were evaluated in 28 preterm infants who required NIV using short binasal prongs for more than 24 hours. In order to identify possible causes of those nasal injuries, the expertise researcher physiotherapist has been carried empirical observations, analyzed the collected data, and correlated them to the literature data. A cause and effect diagram was prepared to present the main causes of the nasal injury occurred in the preterm infants assessed. The incidence of external nasal injuries was 67.86%, and internal ones 71.43%. The external nasal injuries were classified as Stage I (68.42%) and Stage II (31.58%). All the internal injuries had Stage II. The cause and effect diagram was organized into 5 categories containing 17 secondary causes of nasal injuries. There was a high incidence of Stage II-internal nasal injury and Stage I-external nasal injury in preterm infants submitted to NIV using prongs. The injuries genesis can be related to intrinsic characteristics of materials, health care, neonatal conditions, professional competence, and equipment issues.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on the Use of Xylit as Filter Material for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5281
Author(s):  
Marcin Spychała ◽  
Tadeusz Nawrot ◽  
Radosław Matz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Wastewater Quality

The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NNH4), and total phosphorus (Ptot) were used as the indicators of treatment efficiency. Filtering columns filled with the investigated material acted as conventional trickling filters at a hydraulic load of 376–472 cm3/d during the preliminary stage, 198–245 cm3/d during stage I, and 184–223 cm3/d during stage II. The removal efficiency of the two morphological forms of xylit did not differ significantly. The average efficiencies of treatment were as follows: for COD, over 70, 80, and 85% for preliminary stage, stage I and stage II, respectively; for BOD5, 77–79% (preliminary stage); for TSS, 42% and 70% during the preliminary stage, and 88, 91, and 65% during stage I; for NNH4, 97–99% for stage I and 36–49% for stage II; for Ptot, 51–54% for stage I and 52–56% for stage II. The study demonstrated that xylit was a material highly effective in wastewater quality indicators removal, even during the initial period of its use.

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