Phenology and growth in four annual species grown in ambient and elevated CO2

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2475-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Reekie ◽  
F. A. Bazzaz
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Competitive Outcome ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Induced Changes

The objectives of this study were (i) to test the hypothesis that changes in phenology with CO2 are a function of the effect of CO2 upon growth and (ii) to determine if CO2-induced changes in phenology can influence competitive outcome. We examined the effect of 350, 525, and 700 μL∙L−1 CO2 on Guara brachycarpa, Gailardia pulchella, Oenothera laciniata, and Lupinus texensis. Plants were grown as individuals in 150-, 500-, or 1000-mL pots and in competition in 1000-mL pots. Growth and development were monitored at twice-weekly intervals by recording the number of leaves and noting the presence or absence of stem elongation, branching, flower buds, and open flowers. Elevated CO2 affected both growth and phenology, but the direction and magnitude of effects varied with species and soil volume. Elevated CO2 did not appear to affect development through its effect on growth. Those treatments in which there were significant effects of CO2 on growth were generally different from those treatments in which CO2 affected phenology. Rather than affecting phenology by changing plant size, CO2 appeared to affect phenology by modifying the size at which plants switched from one stage to the next. The level of CO2 changed competitive outcome; the importance of Lupinus increased whereas that of Oenothera decreased with increased CO2. These changes were more closely related to the effect of CO2 on growth than its effect on phenology. Key words: time of flowering, size at flowering, competition, photoperiod, rate of development.

scholarly journals Control Recommendations for Black Medic (Medicago lupulina) Based on Growth and Development in Competition with Strawberry

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun M. Sharpe ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Peter J. Dittmar ◽  
Greg E. MacDonald ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Spray Timing ◽  
Time Frames

Strawberries are an important horticultural crop in Florida. Black medic is among the most problematic weeds within the production system. To better coordinate control measures, black medic growth and development while in competition with strawberry was studied. Twelve plants were randomly selected at each of four field sites in Hillsborough County, FL, in 2014. Plants were repeatedly measured over the growing season for stem length and number of primary branches, flower buds, flowers, and seed clusters. Growing degree days (GDD) were calculated (Tbase=0 C) starting from the hole-punch application of the plastic mulch (October 8, 2014, to October 10, 2014) from weather station data generated from the Florida Automated Weather Network. Strawberry height and width increased consistently across all sites, but black medic growth and development varied considerably. Strawberry suppressed black medic growth up to 1,805 cumulative GDD at three of four sites where black medic remained beneath the strawberry canopy. After 1,805 GDD, the black medic stems still remained below but experienced exponential growth for total stem length and, in turn, flower buds, inflorescence, and immature seed clusters. Ideal clopyralid spray timing based on susceptible plant size was 890 to 1,152 GDD. Optimal hand-weeding time frames would likely occur as the plant stems expand beyond the strawberry canopy (to improve visibility) and before flower production to prevent seed return to the seedbank. First seed production was observed at 1,200 GDD at the earliest site and between 1,966 to 2,365 GDD across all the other sites. Overall, consistent trends were observed across sites, but between-site variability was observed that could not be accounted for by differences in temperature.

scholarly journals Effects of substrates and foliar fertilizer on growth and development of Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn) in Ho Chi Minh City

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Duong T. T. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Foliar Fertilizer ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn) is a favorable flower plant for decoration year-around, especially during New Year holiday. This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate influences of five substrates and three concentrations of foliar fertilizer on growth and development of Lisiathus in Ho Chi Minh City. The obtained results indicated that the plants which were grown best on the substrate mixture of 30% cow dung : 40% coco peat : 20% rice husk ash : 10% soil had better plant height (46.06 cm), number of leaves (63.30 leaf/plant), number of flower buds (14.20 buds/plant) and number of flower (6.17 flowers/plant) than the other treatments. Lisianthus grown on the substrate mixture of 30% cow-dung : 40% coco peat : 20% rice husk ash : 10% soil mixed foliar fertilizer Dau Trau MK 30-10-5 at a concentration of 2.0 g/L was highest in the plant height (46.80 cm) and number of leaves (66.00 leaves/plant). However, the number of flower buds and number of flowers were 15.47 buds/plant and 7.53 flowers/plant, respectively when Lisianthus was grown on substrate 30% cow-dung : 40% coco peat : 20% rice husk ash : 10% soil mixed foliar fertilizer at a concentration of 1.0 g/L.

Potted platycodon production in response to paclobutrazol

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Henrique Ferreira Sabino ◽  
José Antonio Saraiva Grossi ◽  
Toshik Iarley da Silva ◽  
Otávio Miranda Verly ◽  
Sebastião Martins Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Ornamental Species

ABSTRACT Platycodon grandiflorus is an ornamental species that can be marketed as a potted flower; however, it has fragile and bending floral stems. Plant growth regulators, such as paclobutrazol, are compounds that reduce stem elongation, enabling the production of plants with a more compact formation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of paclobutrazol on platycodon growth, in a greenhouse. A completely randomized blocks experimental design was used in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four varieties of ‘Astra Semi-Double’ platycodon (Blue, Lavender, Pink and White) and five paclobutrazol doses (0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0 mg pot-1). The paclobutrazol application did not affect the stem diameter, number of leaves, days until anthesis, number of flowers or flower buds, and flower diameter. The shoot length, leaf area and shoot dry mass decreased with higher doses of the growth regulator. Lavender showed the highest values for shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area and shoot dry mass. Pink had the earliest anthesis, followed by Blue and White, whereas Lavender had the latest anthesis. The dose of 3.75 mg pot-1 of paclobutrazol efficiently controlled the growth and improved the visual quality of all the platycodon varieties.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals Exogenous application of growth stimulators improves the condition of maize exposed to soil drought

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ostrowska ◽  
Maciej T. Grzesiak ◽  
Tomasz Hura
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSoil drought is a major problem in plant cultivation. This is particularly true for thermophilic plants, such as maize, which grow in areas often affected by precipitation shortage. The problem may be alleviated using plant growth and development stimulators. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), zearalenone (ZEN), triacontanol (TRIA) and silicon (Si) on water management and photosynthetic activity of maize under soil drought. The experiments covered three developmental stages: three leaves, stem elongation and heading. The impact of these substances applied during drought stress depended on the plant development stage. 5-ALA affected chlorophyll levels, gas exchange and photochemical activity of PSII. Similar effects were observed for ZEN, which additionally induced stem elongation and limited dehydration. Beneficial effects of TRIA were visible at the stage of three leaves and involved leaf hydration and plant growth. A silicon preparation applied at the same developmental stage triggered similar effects and additionally induced changes in chlorophyll levels. All the stimulators significantly affected transpiration intensity at the heading stage.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

The growth and development of the leaf in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). I. The plastochron index, a suitable basis for description

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 2421-2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren K. Coleman ◽  
Richard I. Greyson
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
Plastochron Index

Growth analysis indicates that the plastochron index (PI) is consistently applicable for describing the morphological status of the vegetative tomato shoot in quantitative terms, and pronounced seasonal variability in the growth habit is minimized. However, the PI is not applicable to tomato shoots after flower buds are produced at the vegetative apex. True leaf no. 3 goes through four growth stages which can be characterized in terms of the leaf plastochron index (LPI3). A basipetal trend in leaf growth and development is evident.

scholarly journals Influence of Substrate and Fertilization on Growth and Development of Iris adriatica

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines HAN DOVEDAN ◽  
Sanja MORIC ◽  
Zoran SINDRAK ◽  
Ivana CEROVSKI ◽  
Ivan MUSTAC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Influence Of Substrate

Iris adriatica is indigenous to Mediterranean part of Croatia. It is an attractive plant and has opportunities for introduction into horticulture and the ornamental plant market. Research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, to assess the possibility of growing this species as a pot plant. Research included 360 potted plants placed as randomized block design experiment. The goal of this research was to determine influence of chosen substrates and fertilizers, as well as to explore growth and development dynamic of the species cultivated outdoors from June till August 2010. The following characteristics were measured: plants height, number of leaves, and number of rosettes. Biometric analysis showed that the development of Iris adriatica was significantly influenced only by substrate, while fertilization and interaction of substrate and fertilization showed no significant impact on examined plants characteristics.

scholarly journals Çeşitli Biyoaktivatör Uygulamalarının Çarkıfelek ve Guava Bitkilerinin Fidan Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Canan Nilay Duran ◽  
Gizem Demirkaplan ◽  
Sevinç Şener
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sapling Growth ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Average Plant Height

Passionflower is a member of Passifloraceae family, it can be used as medicinal and ornamental plants in addition to its consumption as fruit in the world. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits, which has a rich nutrient content, are consumed both fresh and processed. Passionfruit and guava plants, which can only be cultivated in temperate southern coasts in our country, have gained commercial importance because of the fruits' export potential, high medical importance and nutrient. This study was carried out to determine the effects of some bioactivator applications on the criteria of sapling growth and development of passionflower and guava plants. The experiment was conducted between 2018-2019 under greenhouse conditions. Saplings obtained from seed germination in Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Research and Experiment Area were used as plant material. 3 different commercial preparations called Messenger, Crop-set and ISR-2000 were used as bioactivators. Plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm) and number of leaves (number / plant) were measured weekly, in order to determine the effect of the applications on the growth and development of saplings. At the end of the study, it was determined that the highest average plant height (10.17 cm), stem diameter (13.53 mm) were obtained in ISR-2000 application. The highest average plant height (11.93 cm), stem diameter (16.44 mm) and number of leaves (9.07 units / plant) were obtained from Messenger application in guava plant. When the results obtained are evaluated, it is recommended that ISR-2000 bioactivator can be applied in passionflower sapling cultivation and Messenger bioactivator can be applied for guava sapling cultivation.

scholarly journals Changing demographics in Hamilton may leave the kids behind

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle E. Diplock
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Social Planning ◽  
Youth Services ◽  
Geographic Disparity ◽  
Niagara Escarpment ◽  
Major Form ◽  
Changing Demographics ◽  
The City ◽  
Access Services

This paper addresses the stark geographic disparity that youth in Hamilton face when trying to access services. There is a high number of youth services concentrated in the inner and lower city, but this does not seem poised to meet the changing demographics and needs of the city of Hamilton. Gentrification and community uplift have started in the lower city, and as such, having a majority of youth services located in the downtown presents a major form of disconnection. This is especially shown as youths living in poverty begin to be pushed out of the lower city and into the inner suburbs on top of the Niagara Escarpment—a place that is geographically cut off from the rest of the city. This paper examines these issues and presents recommendations, to help youth and the City of Hamilton address this disconnection as Hamilton experiences unprecedented growth and development, which may leave the youth behind. Key words: An article on social planning and youth programing in Hamilton, Ontario, used the key words: Hamilton; youth services; gentrification; access.

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