Gall development and fine structure of the nutritive cells of Myopites blotii (Diptera, Tephritidae) on Inula salicina

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2232-2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Rohfritsch ◽  
Hanna Arnold-Rinehart
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Flower Head ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Dense Cytoplasm ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
High Level ◽  
Floral Receptacle ◽  
Large Nucleolus

The tephritid fly Myopites blotii attacks the flower head of Inula salicina at the outset of anthesis. Their larvae tunnel through tubular florets, achenes, and vertically through the swollen, densely vascularized floral receptacle. The goal of the mining larvae is the large vascular bundles at the base of the bracts. The tunneling larvae cut a number of vascular bundles irrigating the florets and the resulting cavity is always open to the outside. Cell walls and cell remnants are continuously agglomerated by the larvae along the entrance channel, forming a black layer. Small patches of nutritive cells appear near severed vascular bundles that end in the larval cavity. The nutritive cells are activated to a high level of RNA and proteosynthesis. The cells have a dense cytoplasm and a large lobed nucleus with a large nucleolus. The long, flexuous plastids form a perinuclear crown. Numerous mitochondria and peroxisomes attest to intense respiration in these cells. The nutritive cells provide proteins and nucleoproteins to the larvae that also feed directly on the vascular bundles ending in the larval cavities. The more sedentary, nearly mature larvae concentrate their feeding activity toward the bottom of the larval cavity where a nutritive layer differentiates. A sclerenchyma layer forms that isolates the larval cavity from the vascular bundles of the floral receptacle. Key words: gall, nutritive tissue, floral receptacle, Tephritidae, Inuleae, Asteraceae.

scholarly journals Comparative structure of the osmophores in the flowers of Stanhopea graveolens Lindley and Cycnoches chlorochilon Klotzsch (Orchidaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Antoń ◽  
Magdalena Kamińska ◽  
Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Scent Glands ◽  
Euglossine Bees ◽  
Dense Cytoplasm ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Comparative Structure

The structure of the osmophores in <i>Stanhopea graveolens</i> and <i>Cycnoches chlorochilon</i> was studied by means of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The scent glands are located in the basal part of the labellum. The surface of the osmophores is wrinkled or rugose, which increases the area of fragrance emission. On the surface of the epidermis, remnants of secretion are noticeable in <i>S. graveolens</i>, but these are absent in <i>C. chlorochilon</i>. The osmophore tissue is composed of secretory epidermal cells and several layers of subepidermal parenchyma, and it is supplied by vascular bundles that run in ground parenchyma. The secretory cells have large nuclei, a dense cytoplasm with numerous ER profiles, lipid droplets, and plastids with a substantial amount of starch, which are probably involved in the synthesis of volatile substances. In the cell walls of the osmophore cells, numerous pits with plasmodesmata occur that are likely to take part in symplastic transport of the scent compounds. The structure of the osmophores is similar in both investigated species. Both <i>S. graveolens</i> and <i>C. chlorochilon</i> are pollinated by euglossine bees, and such similarity results from adaptation to effective scent emission and attraction of pollinators.

scholarly journals Developmental pathway from leaves to galls induced by a sap-feeding insect on Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera (Anacardiaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRACIELA G. DIAS ◽  
BRUNO G. FERREIRA ◽  
GILSON R.P. MOREIRA ◽  
ROSY M.S. ISAIAS
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Gall Inducer

Galling sap-feeding insects are presumed to cause only minor changes in host plant tissues, because they usually do not require development of nutritive tissues for their own use. This premise was examined through comparison of the histometry, cytometry and anatomical development of non-galled leaves and galls of Calophya duvauae (Scott) (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) on Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera (Anacardiaceae). Cell fates changed from non-galled leaves to galls during the course of tissue differentiation. C. duvauae caused changes in dermal, ground, and vascular systems of the leaves of S. polygamus. Its feeding activity induced the homogenization of the parenchyma, and the neoformation of vascular bundles and trichomes. The histometric and cytometric data revealed compensatory effects of hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy in the epidermis, with hyperplasia predominating in the adaxial epidermis. There was a balance between these processes in the other tissues. Thus, we found major differences between the developmental pathways of non-galled leaves and galls. These changes were associated with phenotypic alterations related to shelter and appropriate microenvironmental conditions for the gall inducer. The nondifferentiation of a typical nutritive tissue in this case was compared to other non-phylogenetically related arthropod gall systems, and is suggested to result from convergence associated with the piercing feeding apparatus of the corresponding gall-inducer.

scholarly journals Morphological Description and Culm Anatomy in the Identification of Kyllinga Rottb. (Cyperaceae) from Some Parts of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ekeke, Chimezie ◽  
Ogazie, Chinedum Alozie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Flower Head ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Transverse View

Comparative culm anatomical and morphological descriptions of 12 taxa of Kyllinga collected from different parts of Nigeria were carried out to enhance the identification of the taxa. The number of flower-head vary from 1 – 6 while the sizes vary from the flower-head in K. erecta, K. erecta var. erecta, K. erecta var. polyphylla and K. peruviana is one, K. odorata, K. nemoralis, and K. pumila 1-4, K. erecta var. africana 4, K. tenuifolia 3-4 and K. brevifolia 1-3. K. erecta var. erecta has 2-3 bracts, K. erecta 3-4, K. erecta var. polyphylla 5-6, K. odorata 3-6, K. nemoralis 4-6, K. pumila 1-5, K. bulbosa 5 and K. peruviana 3. The leaf sheaths are partly wrapped to the culm in K. nemoralis, K. odorata, and K. pumila; completely wrapped with overlap in K. erecta var. erecta and K. peruviana and completely wrapped without overlap in other species. K. pumila, K. tenuifolia, and K. erecta var. africana rhizomes are partly erect. K. nemoralis trails on the soil surface while the remaining trail beneath the ground. The culm anatomy in transverse view is triangular (K. erecta, K. erecta var. erecta, K. erecta var. polyphylla and K. bulbosa), triangular-hexagonal (K. nemoralis, K. erecta var. africana, K. odorata and K. tenuifolia), triangular-polygonal (K. brevifolia) or oval-circular (K. pumila and K. peruviana) with aggregation of vascular bundles on the peripheral and inner portions of the culm. K. erecta has 2-layers of vascular bundles, K. peruviana 4-layers of vascular bundles while others have 3-layers of vascular bundles. The number of flower-head, sizes, bract number, and culm anatomy were observed to be diagnostic among these species.

Biology and development of galls induced by Lopesia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on leaves of Mimosa gemmulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Cotrim Costa ◽  
Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro ◽  
Juliana Santos Silva ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Galling Insects ◽  
Late Growth

Analyses of gall biology and development allow determination of morphogenesis events in host-plant organs that are altered by galling insects. Currently, we assume that there is a correlation between Lopesia sp. instars and the alterations in gall tissues on Mimosa gemmulata that generate the gall shape. The development of Lopesia sp. (three larval instars, pupae and adult) correlates positively with gall growth, especially on the anticlinal axis. First-instar larvae are found in galls at the stage of induction, Instar 2 in galls at early growth and development, Instar 3 in galls at late growth and development, pupae in galls at maturation, and the adult emerges from senescent galls. At induction, the larva stimulates cell differentiation in pinnula and pinna-rachis tissues on M. gemmulata. At early growth and development stages, cell division and expansion are increased, and non-glandular trichomes assist gall closing. Homogenous parenchyma and neoformed vascular bundles characterise late growth and development. At maturation, tissues are compartmentalised and cells achieve major expansion through elongation. At senescence, galls open by the falling of trichomes, and mechanical and nutritive cells have thickened walls. The neoformed nutritive tissue nurtures the developing Lopesia sp., whose feeding behaviour influences the direction of cell elongation, predominantly periclinal, determinant for gall bivalve shape.

Clausospicula, a new Australian genus of grasses (Poaceae, Andropogoneae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
M Lazarides ◽  
J Lenz ◽  
L Watson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis

Clausospicula, a new monotypic genus from the Darwin and Gulf District, Northern Territory, Australia, is described and illustrated. Its diagnostic characters include cleistogamous spikelets, reduced panicles, racemes and spikelets, and pedicelled spikelets which are poorly developed and deciduous, or suppressed. Also, the glumes of the bisexual spikelet are awned and slightly keeled or without keels. A prominent feature is the extension of the peduncle into an appendage to which the callus of the bisexual spikelet is attached. The epidermis is notable for its distinct costal and intercostal zones, rectangular intercostal long-cells with tessellated, pitted cell walls, stomata inserted beneath the overlapping interstomatals and arranged in definite rows bordering the costal zones, the presence of macrohairs, narrow microhairs 39–46.5 µm long, silica-celllcork-cell pairs with dumbbell-shaped silica bodies costally and butterfly-shaped silica bodies intercostally. The transverse section shows a distinct midrib with the vascular bundles arranged in a conventional arc abaxially and colourless tissue adaxially, and a symmetrically ordered lamina. The primary vascular bundles are accompanied by sclerenchyma as girders abaxially and adaxially; the adaxial epidermis is extensively bulliform and the abaxial epidermis is of bulliform-like cells.

Electron microscopic observations of infection threads in driselase treated nodules of Astragalus sinicus

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 947-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Higashi ◽  
Kazuya Kushiyama ◽  
Mikiko Abe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Astragalus Sinicus ◽  
Infection Threads

The morphological characteristics of infection threads in the root nodules of Astragalus sinicus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infection threads, epidermal cell walls, and vascular bundles of the nodule were not altered when a nodule was treated with driselase (a plant cell wall degrading enzyme), although the cell walls of meristematic and bacteroid-including zones were completely decomposed by the enzyme treatment. Some infection threads were funnel shaped at the site of attachment of the infection thread to the host cell wall.

Cell wall reinforcement in watermelon shoot base related to its resistance to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-H. CHANG ◽  
Y.-H. LIN ◽  
K.-S. CHEN ◽  
J.-W. HUANG ◽  
S.-C. HSIAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Shoot Base ◽  
Bound Phenolics

SUMMARYFusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, is one of the limiting factors for watermelon production in Taiwan. In recent research, the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expressed in the shoot base of the Fusarium wilt resistant line JSB was related to Fusarium wilt resistance. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase is the key regulatory enzyme in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. The downstream products of phenolic compounds are considered to be involved in the complicated plant defence mechanisms. They could act as signal molecules, antimicrobial substances and/or structural barriers. To study the resistant mechanisms of Fusarium wilt, the resistant JSB line was examined for comparison of F. oxysporum-watermelon interactions with the susceptible Grand Baby (GB) cultivar. Unlike infected GB, which was seriously colonized by F. oxysporum in the whole plant, the pathogen was limited below the shoot base of inoculated JSB, suggesting that the shoot base of JSB may contribute to Fusarium resistance. The data indicated that a significant increase in PAL activity was found in shoot bases of the resistant JSB line at 3, 9, 12 and 15 days after inoculation (DAI). Shoot bases of resistant watermelons accumulated higher amounts of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics at 3–9 DAI; the susceptible GB cultivar, however, only increased the cell wall-bound phenolics in shoot bases at 3 DAI. High lignin deposition in the cell walls of vascular bundles was observed in the shoot bases of JSB but not of GB seedlings at 6 and 9 DAI. In the roots and shoot bases of JSB seedlings at 6 DAI, peroxidase enzyme activity increased significantly. In summary, the results suggest that accumulation of cell wall-bound phenolics and increase of peroxidase activity in shoot bases of JSB seedlings during F. oxysporum inoculation, together with the rapid deposition of lignin in the cell walls of vascular bundles, may have provided structural barriers in resistant JSB line to defend against F. oxysporum invasion.

Seed ontogeny and endosperm chemical analysis in Smilax polyantha (Smilacaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Redondo Martins ◽  
Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro ◽  
Marcos Silveira Buckeridge ◽  
Clovis Oliveira Silva ◽  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Endosperm Cell ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Mature Seeds

Smilax polyantha Grisebach is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome and is known as sarsaparilla in folk medicine. Despite its popular use, little is known about the propagation of this species, which is still actively illegally exploited. The present study aims to analyse the seed ontogeny and perform endosperm chemical analyses in S. polyantha to elucidate the structural and chemical factors that could be associated with the low germination rates and structural organisation of the seed. The ovules are orthotropic and bitegmic, have short funicles, single collateral vascular bundles that end in the chalaza, and a hypostasis that is composed of chalazal and nucellar cells. The seed covering is non-multiplicative. In mature seeds, the cellularised endosperm has thick-walled cells, the embryo is small and the tegmen comprises two layers of periclinal elongated cells with a red–orange content, which are covered by a cuticle. Histochemical tests detected the presence of lipids, proteins and polysaccharides in the cellular content of mature seeds. Chemical analyses indicated 46.7% hemicellulose per total weight, 67.3% glucose, 30.7% mannose, 1.9% galactose and an absence of fucose, arabinose and rhamnose. In conclusion, the delayed seed germination in S. polyantha is associated with the seed endosperm cell walls.

scholarly journals Accumulation and distribution of lead (Pb) in different tissues of Lucky bamboo plants (Dracaena sanderiana)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Lien B. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lead Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Dracaena Sanderiana ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Tissues

Lucky bamboo plants (Dracaena sanderiana) were used to study the accumulation and distribution of lead (Pb) in tissues of root, stem and leaf, as well as the impact of lead accumulation on the anatomical structure of these tissues. Dracaena sanderiana plants were exposed to Pb(NO3)2 solution at the Pb concentrations of 0; 200; 400; 600; 800; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 and 4,000 mg/L for 60 days. The results showed that the more the Pb concentration was used, the more the amount of lead was accumulated and deposited. The tolerance limit of Dracaena sanderiana was 800 mg/L of Pb in water. The lethal concentration for plants was 4,000 mg/L Pb. When the concentrations of Pb in the solution were higher than the tolerance limit of the plant, the growth of Dracaena sanderiana could be inhibited. Dracaena sanderiana could accumulate up to 39,235 mg/kg Pb in the presence of Pb at 800 mg/L. Lead was accumulated mainly in roots (97.5%) and deposited mainly in the cell walls and the spaces between cells in tissues of roots. In the stems and leaves of Dracaena sanderiana, lead accumulation was limited and distributed mainly around vascular bundles. Lead accumulation caused changes in the anatomical structure of root, stem and leaf tissues. The accumulation and distribution of Pb is mainly in the cell walls and the space of cells; it could be a detoxification

scholarly journals The structure of the spur nectary in Dendrobium finisterrae Schltr. (Dendrobiinae, Orchidaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kamińska ◽  
Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nectar Guides ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
The One

To date, the structure of the nectary spur of <i>Dendrobium finisterrae</i> has not been studied in detail, and the present paper compares the structural organization of the floral nectary in this species with the spurs of other taxa. The nectary spur of <i>D. finisterrae</i> was examined by means of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is composed of a single layer of secretory epidermis and several layers of small and compactly arranged subepidermal secretory cells. The secretory cells have thick cellulosic cell walls with primary pits. The secretory tissue is supplied by vascular bundles that run beneath in ground parenchyma and are additionally surrounded by strands of sclerenchymatous fibers. The flowers of the investigated species displayed morphological features characteristic of bee-pollinated taxa, as they are zygomorphic, creamy-green coloured with evident nectar guides. They also emit a weak but nice scent. However, they possess some characters attributed to bird-pollinated flowers such as a short, massive nectary spur and collenchymatous secretory tissue that closely resembles the one found in the nectaries of certain species that are thought to be bird-pollinated. This similarity in anatomical organization of the nectary, regardless of geographical distribution and phylogeny, strongly indicates convergence and appears to be related to pollinator-driven selection.

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