Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Dettmann ◽  
David M. Jarzen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Climatic Region ◽  
Grevillea Robusta ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Modern Analogue

Amongst diverse and abundant fossil proteaceous pollen in southeastern Australian Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sediments are forms identical with pollen of extant taxa within subfamilies Proteoideae, Persoonioideae, Carnarvonioideae, and Grevilleoideae. Taxa identified now have disparate geographic ranges within Australasia. Sclerophyllous Adenanthos and Stirlingia (Proteoideae) are restricted to the southern Australian Mediterranean climatic region; Persoonia (Persoonioideae) ranges into higher rainfall areas of eastern and northern Australia. Grevillea exul – Grevillea robusta and Telopea (Grevilleoideae) and Carnarvonia (Carnarvonioideae) occur in or fringe rain forests in eastern Australasia, as do other members (Macadamia, Gevuina–Hicksbeachia, Knightia, and Beauprea) reported previously. Pollen evidence thereby confirms evolution of both rain forest and sclerophyll members by the Campanian–Maastrichtian. Turnover of proteaceous pollen taxa near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary may reflect contemporaneous modifications to the proteaceous communities. Associated with the Late Cretaceous Proteaceae were diverse conifers (Microcachrys, Lagarostrobus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, and Araucariaceae), Nothofagus, Ilex, Gunnera, Ascarina, Winteraceae, Trimeniaceae, and probable Epacridaceae. The vegetation, which fringed a narrow estuary separating Antarctica from southern Australia, implies a mosaic of rain forest and sclerophyll communities but has no modern analogue. Key words: Proteaceae, Late Cretaceous, Australia, Antarctica.

Ants accelerate litter decomposition in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence P. McGlynn ◽  
Evan K. Poirson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Lowland Rain Forest

Abstract:The decomposition of leaf litter is governed, in part, by litter invertebrates. In tropical rain forests, ants are dominant predators in the leaf litter and may alter litter decomposition through the action of a top-down control of food web structure. The role of ants in litter decomposition was investigated in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest with two experiments. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated ant presence in 50 ambient leaf-litter mesocosms. In a litterbag gradient experiment, Cecropia obtusifolia litter was used to measure decomposition rate constants across gradients in nutrients, ant density and richness, with 27 separate litterbag treatments for total arthropod exclusion or partial arthropod exclusion. After 2 mo, mass loss in mesocosms containing ants was 30.9%, significantly greater than the 23.5% mass loss in mesocosms without ants. In the litter bags with all arthropods excluded, decomposition was best accounted by the carbon: phosphorus content of soil (r2 = 0.41). In litter bags permitting smaller arthropods but excluding ants, decomposition was best explained by the local biomass of ants in the vicinity of the litter bags (r2 = 0.50). Once the microarthropod prey of ants are permitted to enter litterbags, the biomass of ants near the litterbags overtakes soil chemistry as the regulator of decomposition. In concert, these results support a working hypothesis that litter-dwelling ants are responsible for accelerating litter decomposition in lowland tropical rain forests.

scholarly journals LINGKUNGAN VEGETASI SITUS PERCANDIAN PADANG LAWAS DAN TUMBUHAN BALAKA

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Arfian Arfian
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Lowland Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
High Level

Based on the results of research on the vegetation around Padang Lawas Temples, Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatera Province, can be known that Padang Lawas Temple sites are located in vegetation environment of lowland tropical rain forest with a high level diversity of plant families, one of those plant families is Euphorbiaceae with one of its species, Phylanthus emlica. L(Balaka). Phylanthus emlica is a type wild plant that grows open spaces in lowland tropical rain forests. Observing its life characteristic and its habitat, then Balaka plant (Phylanthus emlica) in Padang Lawas Temples’ yards was not planted in purpose planted but grows naturally. Balaka plant (Phylanthus emlica) has different name in every area. In Melayu, this plant is known as malaka. In Minangkabau known as balaka, in Sunda known as malaka and in Java, this plant is known as Kemloko, meanwhile in Madura and Bali this plant is called mlakah ,and karsinta in Flores (NTT)

A MODERN ANALOGUE FOR TECTONIC, EUSTATIC, AND CLIMATIC PROCESSES IN CRATONIC BASINS: GULF OF CARPENTARIA, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

2003 ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. TERENCE EDGAR ◽  
C. BLAINE CECIL ◽  
R.E. MATTICK ◽  
ALLAN R. CHIVAS ◽  
PATRICK DE DECKKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Australia ◽  
Modern Analogue

La phénologie des arbres caducifoliés en forêt guyanaise (5° de latitude nord) : illustration d'un déterminisme à composantes endogène et exogène

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1843-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Loubry
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Leaf Fall

The French Guianan forest is an evergreen rain forest that contains approximately 100 deciduous tree species. The taxonomical distribution of the deciduous character is widely spread, and its presence or absence among some taxa, as well as its ancient origin, are arguments in favour of an endogenous origin. Leaf-fall periodicity was studied on a sample of 500 trees during a 2-year period. Periodicity is annual and seasonal. It is not correlated to rainfall and not linked to the occurrence of a dry season. It seems closely correlated to photoperiodical variations, even though those variations are weak (35 min at latitude 5°30′N). However, each tree has its own periodicity for leaves shedding. Therefore, there is a paradox between seasonality and individual periodicity of leaf fall. The existence of this paradox leads us to consider the hypothesis of an integration of endogenous and exogenous components in the determination of leaf-fall periodicity. Key words: deciduousness, French Guiana, phenology, photoperiodism, tree, tropical rain forest.

A plethora of planigales: genetic variability and cryptic species in a genus of dasyurid marsupials from northern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Westerman ◽  
Mark J. Blacket ◽  
Ashley Hintz ◽  
Kyle Armstrong ◽  
Patricia A. Woolley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Genetic Lineages

Multiple mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences reveal substantial genetic variation within the dasyurid marsupial genus Planigale, suggesting greater taxonomic diversity than is currently recognised. To further investigate planigale relationships 116 new mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, including 16 new specimens, were added to our database. We confirm the presence of an unrecognised species (Planigale ‘species 1’) limited to the Pilbara region of Western Australia and suggest that the ‘Mt Tom Price’ animals may be closely related to Planigale ingrami subtilissima. We also confirm that at least four distinct genetic lineages make up what is currently recognised as P. maculata. This complex of closely related taxa represents a radiation of sibling species rather than a single, genetically diverse one. Three of these lineages (M1 + M2, M3 and M4) are distributed sympatrically across the Top End of Australia and one (M5 = P. maculata sensu stricto) is localised to the eastern coast of Australia. Within the Planigale ingrami complex, Planigale ‘Mt Tom Price’ (lineage Ing. 1) occurs in the Pilbara in sympatry with Planigale ‘species 1’ and lineage Ing. 2 is found in the Northern Territory in sympatry with species of the P. maculata complex. There is thus a plethora of northern Australian planigales, many of which are formally undescribed and whose geographic ranges require careful re-evaluation.

Macrolichens of Montane Rain Forests in Panama, Province Chiriquí

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Büdel ◽  
Angelika Meyer ◽  
Noris Salazar ◽  
Hans Zellner ◽  
Gerhard Zotz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
New Records ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Montane Rain Forest ◽  
Cyanobacterial Lichens

AbstractSixty-eight lichen species were found in the lower montane rain forest of Fortuna(1000-1200 m) in the province of Chiriquí, Panama; 33 of these were cyanobacterial lichens. The montane rain forest of the Volcan Bartú (2200-3100 m) yielded 30 species of lichens, 13 of which have cyanobacterial photobionts. Forty of the species reported are new records for Panama. Information concerning their habitats within the forest and their phytogeographical affinities is provided where possible.

Australian endemic Drosophila IV. Queensland rain forest species collected at fruit baits, with descriptions of two species

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Bock ◽  
PA Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Cosmopolitan Species

Australian Drosophila species attracted to fermented fruits are mainly of the subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora. With the exception of D. (Sophophora) dispar, all non-cosmopolitan species are exclusively of tropical and subtropical rain forests. Greatest species diversities occur in these and other subgenera in the floristically most complex forests, declining with increasing altitude and latitude. The cosmopolitan members of the genus are rare in rain forests, otherwise suitable niches being, presumably, occupied. D. (Drosophila) persicae, sp. nov., and D. (Sophophora) ironensis, sp. nov., are described, both collected in complex mesophyll vine forests. Of these D. persicae is one of only four non-cosmopolitan species of subgenus Drosophila in Australia, and apparently the only one entirely restricted to Australia. Apart from the cosmopolitan species D. immigrans, members of the subgenus Drosophila are not found south of north Queensland. Only two Sophophora species are common in more southern regions: one, D. dispar, extends across Victoria into temperate rain forests, while the other, D. pseudotakahashii, does not. Predictably, these two species are common in the depauperate highland habitats of north Queensland.

scholarly journals The importance of radiation fog in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-west China

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Jie Liu ◽  
Ping Yuan Wang ◽  
Jin Tao Li ◽  
Peng Ju Li ◽  
Wen Yao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Radiation Fog ◽  
West China ◽  
South West ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

The tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China has a high floristic diversity and is closely related to Malaysian rain forests in flora. This forest would not normally be established in such a climatic region as Xishuangbanna (less precipitation and lower air temperature) compared to those of the lowland moist tropics. The mean annual rainfall is 1487 mm, which is considerably lower than rain forests in other parts of the world. It is believed that the frequent occurrence of radiation fog might play an important role in the water relations of plants and in the hydrological cycle of this type of rain forest. However, the multiple hydrological and ecological effects of radiation fog are not well understood. In this paper, we describe and analyze the significance of radiation fog to this forest, and develop a hypothesis that fog plays an important role in the presence of the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna. Suggestions for further research on the significance of fog are offered.

Climate, Fire, and Vegetation between about 13,000 and 9200 14C yr B.P. in the Chilean Lake District

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio I. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Monte Verde ◽  
The City ◽  
Archeological Site ◽  
Microscopic Charcoal

A pollen record from Lago Condorito (41°45′S, 73°07′W) shows that North Patagonian Rain Forest taxa predominated between about 13,000 and 12,200 14C yr B.P. in the lowlands of southern Chile, near the city of Puerto Montt. This was followed by the expansion and persistence of the conifer Podocarpus nubigena between 12,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P. Trees favored by disturbance expanded between 11,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P., concurrent with sharp and sustained increases of microscopic charcoal particles. Taxa of low-elevation rain forests expanded and became more diverse in pulses centered at 9900 and 9000 14C yr B.P., following the disappearance of P. nubigena. These data suggest conditions approaching modern climate between about 13,000 and 12,200 14C yr B.P. The climate cooled between 12,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P., then quickly warmed to interglacial conditions. Stand-replacing fires occurred near Lago Condorito between 11,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P., under cool-temperate, humid conditions. The proximity and reported antiquity of the Monte Verde archeological site raise the possibility that these fires were set by human activities.

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