Size-dependent reproductive output in agricultural weeds

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Thompson ◽  
J. Weiner ◽  
S. I. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Agricultural Weeds

Data on reproductive and vegetative weights of individuals from five species of agricultural weeds (Apera spica-venti L., Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., and Panicum miliaceum L.) were used to test Weiner's (1988) model of linear size-dependent reproductive output in plants. In general, the populations showed strong evidence (P < 0.001) of linear relationships between reproductive and vegetative weight. Linearity was most pronounced in cases where size differences were primarily due to competition. Generally, the linear relationships were consistent from population to population within a species. Many of the populations also showed positive x-intercepts, indicating a threshold size for reproduction. However, there were a number of populations with no apparent relationship between reproductive and vegetative weight, with departures from linearity, or with positive y-intercepts (negative x-intercepts). Key words: reproductive weight, vegetative weight, agricultural weeds, size-dependent reproduction.

Metabolism of a Pyrrolidine Urea Herbicide in Corn and Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Holm ◽  
D. E. Stallard
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hill Reaction ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
The Hill

Five 2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxanilides were effective inhibitors of the Hill reaction. However, only thecisisomers were active; thetransisomers were totally inactive. Experiments were conducted using14C-5328 (cis-2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxanilide). A correlation existed between resistance of various plants to 5328 and their ability to metabolize it to water soluble metabolites. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL.) seedlings were very susceptible to 5328 and were unable to metabolize it. Tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth] seedlings were highly tolerant to 5328 and converted it completely to its metabolites. Corn (Zea maysL. ‘DeKalb variety XL-45′) seedlings which were slightly susceptible to 5328 injury were able to metabolize up to 90% of the parent compound. Corn foliage uptake of14C-5328 applied to the soil surface occurred through the adventitious roots.

scholarly journals THRESHOLD SIZE FOR FLOWERING IN DIFFERENT HABITATS: EFFECTS OF SIZE-DEPENDENT GROWTH AND SURVIVAL

Ecology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 2118-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate A. Wesselingh ◽  
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer ◽  
Tom J. de Jong ◽  
Laurence A. Boorman
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Dependent Growth

An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

scholarly journals Development of a DNA-based Assay to Detect and Quantify Tropane Alkaloids Producing Thornapple Contaminations in Processed Food

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 422-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Weston ◽  
Peter Brodmann ◽  
Maximilian Widmer ◽  
Julian Bartel ◽  
Eric Kübler
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

Contaminates such as pesticides, toxic molecules of natural origin, genetically modified organisms and others can occur in processed food, especially if the main ingredient grows in open fields exposed to the environment. In particular, some health threatening toxic compounds are natural ingredients of plants that grow wild next to vegetables intended for consumption and can therefore enter the crop yield and stay there undetected. The tropane alkaloids-containing nightshade thornapple Datura stramonium, often grows in close vicinity to millet (Panicum miliaceum) a widely cultivated cereal, representing an important nutrient source in different countries of Asia and Africa. Discriminating thornapple from millet during harvest is not easy and consequently, millet-containing food products are often contaminated with tropane alkaloids from thornapple. In this work, two DNA specific hydrolysis probe qPCR methods were developed for Datura stramonium and Panicum miliaceum in order to detect thornapple contamination in millet-containing food products. The specificity and sensitivity of the developed assay system allows for its application in screenings during food product testing.

scholarly journals Size-Dependent and Property-Independent Passive Microdroplet Sorting by Droplet Transfer on Dot Rails

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Yoon ◽  
Daiki Tanaka ◽  
Tetsushi Sekiguchi ◽  
Shuichi Shoji
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Laplace Pressure ◽  
Droplet Transfer ◽  
Sorting Method ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Size Dependent

A fully passive microdroplet sorting method is presented in this paper. On the rails with dot patterns, the droplets were sorted in different ways depending on their size. However, the effect of droplet properties on the threshold size of the sorting was eliminated. The droplet positions on two railways and the Laplace pressure of the droplets on the dot patterns allowed selective droplet transfer according to size. Different gaps between the rails altered the threshold size of the transfer. However, the threshold size was independent of the droplet’s surface tension and viscosity because the droplet transfer utilized only the droplet position and Laplace pressure without lateral flow to sort targets. This feature has a high potential for bio/chemical applications requiring categorization of droplet targets consisting of various mixtures as pre- or post-elements.

scholarly journals Size-Dependent Phase Transformation during Gas Atomization Process of Cu–Sn Alloy Powders

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Pan ◽  
Hongjun Ji ◽  
Meng Liang ◽  
Junbo Zhou ◽  
Mingyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Nucleation Theory ◽  
Gas Atomization ◽  
Atomization Process ◽  
Cu6sn5 Phase ◽  
Lotus Leaf ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Transient Nucleation

For binary element atomization, it is essential to investigate the phase transformation from liquid to solid as a functions of the droplet sizes, as well as the reaction competitiveness, during gas atomizing solidification of their nuclei. In the present work, a series of phase transformations of undercooled Cu (60.9 wt.%)/Sn droplets were analyzed when atomized by pressure gas. The results indicated that the microstructures of the obtained powders and their morphologies were highly relevant to the droplet size. According to the phase characteristics analyzed by the microstructural observations in combination with the transient nucleation theory, powders with sizes from 10 to 100 μm were divided into three categories, exhibiting lotus-leaf, island, and stripe morphologies. The competitive formation of Cu6Sn5 or Cu3Sn was also controlled by the droplet sizes, and a diameter of approximately 45 μm was identified as the threshold size. After heat treatment at 300 °C for 4 h, the powders consisted of a single η’ Cu6Sn5 phase. The obtained Cu6Sn5 phase powders can be used in the field of high-temperature applications as intermetallic balls for integrated chip interconnects.

Reciprocal contamination by invasive plants: analysis of trade exchange between Slovakia and Romania

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ferus ◽  
Culiţă Sîrbu ◽  
Pavol Eliáš ◽  
Jana Konôpková ◽  
Ľuba Ďurišová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Impurity Level ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Lycium Barbarum ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
Level Information

AbstractIn this work, potential contamination by invasive plant propagules as a result of trade exchange between Slovakia and Romania, was assessed. National lists, describing biology and ecology of 30 worst invasive plant taxa, were formulated, and trading in period 2006-2010 between countries analysed. Using norms for commodity impurity level, information on species habitat occupancy and literature data dealing with seed/fruit attachment on roads we calculated then potential invasive plant propagule export (PE) for each taxon. We found three fold higher total good export from Slovakia than in opposite direction, increasing export of commodities potentially containing invasive plant propagules exported from Romania to Slovakia and rise of road compared to railway transport. PEs for Slovak invasive plant taxa were one-two orders higher than those for Romanian ones. Potentially most exported taxa for Slovakia were: Amaranthus sp., Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Galinsoga sp., Kochia scoparia and Sorghum halepense (tens to hundreds tonnes each). And these could mostly be exported from Romania: Amaranthus sp., Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Artemisia annua, Conyza canadensis, Cuscuta campestris, Datura stramonium, Erigeron annus, Galinsoga sp., Iva xanthiifolia, Kochia scoparia, Lycium barbarum, Sorghum halepense, Veronica persica and Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum (units to tens tonnes each). High PE was significantly associated with cereals export. Our formula for PE is applicable for any inter- and intra-continental trade exchange.

Plant-size and fruit-position effects on reproductive allocation in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 1398-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Susko ◽  
Lesley Lovett-Doust
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Reproductive Allocation ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Total Seed

We examined the development of ovules and components of reproductive yield as they related to plant size and fruit position within plants of Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande from three sites. We found that both factors affected fruit and seed production, and patterns of ovule fate. Larger plants were more fecund than their smaller counterparts, while proximally positioned flowers within an inflorescence produced more seeds. Maternal investment was regulated according to plant mass at two levels: among fruits (small plants had significantly lower fruit-set than did large plants), and within fruits (small plants had significantly fewer ovules and significantly higher proportions of aborted ovules per fruit than did large plants). All absolute measures of reproduction had positive linear relationships with plant size, but a threshold size for flowering was not found. Most proportional measures of reproduction were independent of plant size. Small plants produced the same relative proportions of total seed number and total seed mass per unit plant dry mass as large plants. Therefore, proportional reproductive allocation did not vary with plant size. However, small plants produced proportionately more flowers per unit dry mass. Small plants may be maximizing their overall fitness through increased allocation to male function (flower production).Key words: Alliaria petiolata, plant-size effects, fruit-position effects, reproductive allocation, patterns of ovule abortion, seed maturation.

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