Normal and teratological pistillate spikes of Typha angustifolia (Typhaceae): gross aspects of morphology, anatomy, symmetry, and inflorescence dehiscence

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Typha Angustifolia ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Central Stem ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Individual

Normal and teratological pistillate spikes of Typha angustifolia were found at the same locality in Ohio, U.S.A., and the individual spikes exhibited radial, dorsiventral, and mirror-image symmetry, as well as polarity. Dorsiventral symmetry provided a frame of reference for comparing normal and teratological individuals. Both kinds of pistillate spikes were interpreted to have dorsal and ventral surfaces, sagittal and frontal planes, right and left sides, length, width, and height. Present in teratological spikes, but absent from normal ones, were either split(s) within the central stem axis or exceptionally long type-1 furrow(s). Split(s) or type-1 furrow(s) divided a teratological spike longitudinally into two to five subunits. Where two subunits were present, division was solely along the sagittal plane, whereas spikes with three to five subunits were divided along the sagittal plane and along, or parallel to, the frontal plane. In the case of teratological spikes with two to four subunits it was possible to number and compare subunits in a consistent manner. On some teratological spikes after splitting, subunits had become bowed, rotated, and curled or folded. Apparently, in teratological spikes, indentations and type-1 and type-2 furrows along the sagittal plane function, collectively, as a line of dehiscence. Key words: Typha, morphology, anatomy, symmetry, inflorescence, dehiscence.

The TUDID Study – Background and Design of a Prospective Cohort

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Assad Jaghutriz ◽  
Robert Wagner ◽  
Stephanie Kullmann ◽  
Louise Fritsche ◽  
Sabine S. Eckstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Tailored Treatment ◽  
The Individual

AbstractPrevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus is growing worldwide and one major cause for morbidity and mortality. However, not every patient develops diabetes-related complications, but causes for the individual susceptibility are still not fully understood. As a platform to address this, we initiated the TUDID (TUebingen DIabetes Database) study, a prospective, monocentric, observational study that includes adults with diabetes mellitus who are treated in the inpatient clinic of a University Hospital in southern Germany. Besides a thorough clinical examination and extensive laboratory tests (with integrated biobanking), major study focuses are the kidneys, the eyes, the vasculature as well as cognition and mood where standardized investigations for early stages for diabetes complications are performed. Analyses of the data generated by this precise characterization of diabetes-related complications will contribute to our understanding of the development and course of such complications, and thus facilitate the implementation of tailored treatment options that can reduce the risk and severity of diabetes-related complications.

scholarly journals Properties of Plywood Made from Perforated Veneers

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1709
Author(s):  
Jozef Fekiač ◽  
Jozef Gáborík ◽  
Marek Vojtkuliak
Keyword(s):  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Bend Testing ◽  
Bending Radius ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
The Individual

The paper is focused on the bending properties of beech plywood made from veneers with perforations. The modification of the plywood was done by the targeted perforations in veneers used. The perforations were rectangular in shape 5 × 30 mm. There was a gap of 10 mm between the perforations (in each direction) and the perforations in the individual rows were shifted by 10 mm relative to each other. Two structures of lightweight plywood were investigated: sheathed (lightweight type 1) with perforated inner layers sheathed with solid veneer and perforated (lightweight type 2) with perforations in each layer. Bending properties were evaluated by three-point bend testing. The results showed decreased bending strength (MOR) as well as decreased modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE) with reduction of weight. Bending strength (MOR) was reduced by 33 to 57% and modulus of elasticity (MOE) by 13 to 43% compared to standard (non-lightweight) plywood. Bendability of lightweight plywood expressed by the minimum bending radius (Rmin) and the coefficient of bendability (koh) point to a slight decrease in bendability by 1 to 35% compared to standard (non-lightweight) plywood. The benefit of the proposed plywood lightweight constructions is weight reduction by 16.5 to 24.4%.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Diabetes, Diagnosing Colonialism: An Ethnography of the Classification and Counting of a Senegalese Metabolic Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Emma N Bunkley
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Diabetes Diagnosis ◽  
Saint Louis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Individual

This article explores the top-down production of the statistics frequently circulated in global health. These data must first originate in a place like the public hospital in Saint-Louis, Senegal, in doctor’s offices and laboratories and medical archives. At their root, these data are an accumulation of individual bodies, experiences, and intimate diagnostic moments. This aggregation turns the afflicted into categories and statistical regimes that shape a global health understanding of diabetes specifically, and noncommunicable diseases broadly. This article explores the individual diabetes diagnostic moment itself and the politics of the current nosology of Type 1 and Type 2, a seemingly neutral dichotomy that belies colonial relationships between Senegal, slavery, sugar production and consumption, and the effects these relationships have on contemporary conceptions of diabetes diagnosis in Senegal and global health.

scholarly journals Modeling changes in glucose and glycerol rates of appearance when true basal rates of appearance cannot be readily determined

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (5) ◽  
pp. E323-E331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pyle ◽  
Bryan C. Bergman ◽  
Kristen J. Nadeau ◽  
Melanie Cree-Green
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Glucose Release ◽  
Isotope Tracers ◽  
Hepatic Glucose ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Individual

Advancing diabetes care requires accurate physiological assessments. Hyperinsulinemic clamps with stable isotope tracers can simultaneously measure insulin's ability to suppress lipolysis and hepatic glucose release. Traditionally, these methods require an assessment of basal glucose and glycerol rate of appearance (Ra). Basal Ra is challenging to measure in insulin-dependent diabetes, where exogenous insulin required to maintain normoglycemia can raise peripheral insulin concentrations sufficiently to suppress basal Ra. Thus we identified two alternative statistical approaches to describe changes in glucose and glycerol Ra that are less reliant on basal assessments. Sixteen youths (4 type 1 diabetic, 4 type 2 diabetic, 4 lean controls, and 4 obese nondiabetic) underwent a four-phase (“basal” and 10, 16, and 80 mU·m2·min−1) hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with glucose and glycerol tracers. Glucose and glycerol Ra were calculated per phase. A statistical method, the standard two-stage (STS) algorithm, was applied to the individual log insulin vs. Ra curves to calculate a single predicted Ra value. A population-based mixed-effects model (MEM) compared the group average Ra with log insulin curves and described individual deviations from group means and was used to calculate individual predicted Ra. Both models were applied to the participant data, and predicted Ras at the mean insulin concentration per phase (10 for glycerol, 16 for glucose) were calculated, with good agreement between observed and predicted values. In our data set, the MEM was better able to detect group differences. Both STS and MEM can model lipolysis and endogenous glucose release in insulin-dependent states when basal Ra cannot be accurately measured.

scholarly journals Sex-Gender Awareness in Diabetes

Diabetology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Tonolo
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

Sex and gender can affect incidence, prevalence, symptoms, course and response to drug therapy in many illnesses, being sex (the biological side) and gender (the social-cultural one), variously interconnected. Indeed, women have greater longevity; however, this is accompanied by worse health than men, particularly when obesity is present. Sex-gender differences are fundamental also in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Just for example in the prediabetes situation impaired fasting glucose (expression of increased insulin resistance) is more common in men, while impaired glucose tolerance (expression of beta cell deficiency) is more common in female, indicating a possible different genesis of type 2 diabetes in the two sexes. In type 1 diabetes male and female are equivalent as incidence of the disease since puberty, while estrogens act as protective and reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes in female after puberty. Considering macrovascular complications, diabetic women have a 3.5 fold higher increased cardiovascular risk than non diabetic women, against an observed increase of “only” 2.1 fold in male. Thus it is clear, although not fully explained, that sex-gender differences do exist in diabetes. Another less studied aspect is that also physician gender influences quality of care in patients with type 2 diabetes, female physicians providing an overall better quality of care, especially in risk management. The goal of this short commentary is to open the special issue of Diabetology: “Gender Difference in Diabetes” leaving to the individual articles to deepen differences in genesis, psychologists aspects and complications of the disease.

Orthodistichous phyllotaxy and dorsiventral symmetry on adult shoots of Cyclanthus bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae, Monocotyledoneae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Convex Surface ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Concave Surface ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
New Type

An adult shoot of Cyclanthus bipartitus may simultaneously exhibit orthodistichy and dorsiventral symmetry, i.e., adult features previously unreported for Cyclanthus. As in previously investigated adult shoots of C. bipartitus with spirodistichous phyllotaxy, specimens presently described have sympodial rhizomes that form renewal shoots and terminal inflorescences. The phyllotaxy, symmetry, and sympodial structure of these specimens, collectively, represent a new type of growth habit in the Cyclanthaceae. On a shoot with orthodistichy the basal portions of mature leaves define a concave surface, convex surface, sagittal plane, and frontal plane. Plants grow upright on forest-covered slopes, and the concave surface and convex surface of a shoot are slope-opposed and slope-facing, respectively. Most emergent adventitious roots arise from the convex surface. Aspects of the form, symmetry, development, and orientation of a shoot are interpretable as adaptations to unequal illumination on its slope-facing versus slope-opposed sides. Presence of conspicuous dorsiventral symmetry is correlated with poorly expressed mirror-image symmetry, and shoots are neither left-handed nor right-handed, contrary to the condition in various Cyclanthaceae. Present findings bolster the conclusion that C. bipartitus is an extremely variable species. Key words: Cyclanthaceae, Cyclanthus, morphology, symmetry, phyllotaxy.

scholarly journals Isomyosins in human type 1 and type 2 skeletal muscle fibres

1981 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R B Fitzsimons ◽  
J F Y Hoh
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Light Chain Distribution ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres

Human myosin from different skeletal muscles was analysed in a non-denaturing gel system, and the isoenzyme composition correlated with the histochemical composition of the muscle. Two components (SM1 and SM2) were associated with type 1 (slow-twitch) fibres, and three (FM1, FM2 and FM3) with type 2 (fast-twitch) fibres. Light-chain analysis was performed in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. There are three light chains (LCs1a, LCS1b and LCs2) in type 1 fibres, and three (LCf1, LCf2 and LCf3) in type 2 fibres. LCf1 and LCs1b co-migrate in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels. The ratio of LCf3/LCf2 is correlated with the distribution of the individual fast isoenzymes. These results explain apparent discrepancies in the literature concerning the light-chain distribution of human myosin.

scholarly journals A Mixed Mirror-image DNA/RNA Aptamer Inhibits Glucagon and Acutely Improves Glucose Tolerance in Models of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 288 (29) ◽  
pp. 21136-21147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Vater ◽  
Simone Sell ◽  
Przemyslaw Kaczmarek ◽  
Christian Maasch ◽  
Klaus Buchner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Inhibitory Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Receptor ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide

Excessive secretion of glucagon, a functional insulin antagonist, significantly contributes to hyperglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, immunoneutralization of glucagon or genetic deletion of the glucagon receptor improved glucose homeostasis in animal models of diabetes. Despite this strong evidence, agents that selectively interfere with endogenous glucagon have not been implemented in clinical practice yet. We report the discovery of mirror-image DNA-aptamers (Spiegelmer®) that bind and inhibit glucagon. The affinity of the best binding DNA oligonucleotide was remarkably increased (>25-fold) by the introduction of oxygen atoms at selected 2′-positions through deoxyribo- to ribonucleotide exchanges resulting in a mixed DNA/RNA-Spiegelmer (NOX-G15) that binds glucagon with a Kd of 3 nm. NOX-G15 shows no cross-reactivity with related peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, gastric-inhibitory peptide, and prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide. In vitro, NOX-G15 inhibits glucagon-stimulated cAMP production in CHO cells overexpressing the human glucagon receptor with an IC50 of 3.4 nm. A single injection of NOX-G15 ameliorated glucose excursions in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests in mice with streptozotocin-induced (type 1) diabetes and in a non-genetic mouse model of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, the data suggest NOX-G15 as a therapeutic candidate with the potential to acutely attenuate hyperglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Lifetime risk and years lost to type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Denmark, 1996–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001065
Author(s):  
Bendix Carstensen ◽  
Pernille Falberg Rønn ◽  
Marit Eika Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

IntroductionLifetime risk and lifetime lost to diabetes are measures of current diabetes burden in a population. We aimed at quantifying these measures in the Danish population.Research design and methodsWe modeled incidence and mortality of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-diabetes mortality based on complete follow-up of the entire population of Denmark in 1996–2016. A multistate model with these transition rates was used to assess the lifetime risk of diabetes, as well as the difference in expected lifetime between persons with type 1 and T2D and persons without.ResultsIn 2016, the lifetime risk of T1D was 1.1% and that for T2D 24%, the latter a 50% increase from 1996. For 50-year-old persons, the lifetime lost was 6.6 years for T1D and 4.8 years for T2D. These figures have been declining over the study period.At 2016, the total foreseeable lives lost in Denmark among patients with T1D were 182 000 years, and those among patients with T2D were 766 000 years, corresponding to 6.6 and 3.0 years per person, respectively.ConclusionAt the individual level, improvements in the disease burden for both T1D and T2D have occurred. At the population level, the increasing number of patients with T2D has contributed to a large increase in the total loss of lifetime.

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