Interactions of two strains of Magnaporthe grisea with rice, goosegrass, and weeping lovegrass

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1627-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle C. Heath ◽  
Barbara Valent ◽  
Richard J. Howard ◽  
Forrest G. Chumley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Infection Hypha

Two strains of the fungus Magnaporthe grisea caused responses in goosegrass, weeping lovegrass, and rice that varied from no visible symptoms, through isolated discrete lesions with or without brown margins, to coalescing lesions that completely killed the inoculated areas of the leaf. The fungus sporulated under conducive conditions in all of the five plant–strain combinations that produced visible symptoms, but the degree of sporulation varied considerably. Microscopical examination revealed a previously unreported dimorphism in the infection hypha in all three plant species. In all combinations, some appressoria failed to form infection hyphae. In all but one combination, some infection hyphae failed to differentiate and (or) became restricted to a single epidermal cell with autofluorescent walls. Quantitative data showed that the presence and density of lesions reflected the frequency with which appressoria formed growing fungal colonies; lesion appearance depended on the interaction between such colonies and the leaf tissue. The results suggest that the different plant–strain combinations represent a continuum of plant–fungus interactions, and that small differences in the frequency of different plant–fungus interactions at the cellular level may have significant effects on macroscopic symptom development.

scholarly journals Libidibia ferrea (jucá), a Traditional Anti-Inflammatory: A Study of Acute Toxicity in Adult and Embryos Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Q. Ferreira ◽  
Thamara O. Ferraz ◽  
Raquel S. Araújo ◽  
Rodrigo Alves Souza Cruz ◽  
Caio Pinho Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Medicinal Product ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Hydroethanolic Extract

The plant species Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) LP Queiroz var. ferrea basionym of Caesalpinia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) is used in various regions of Brazil in folk medicine in the treatment of several health problems, especially in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Most of the preparations employed are alcoholic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of fruits of Libidibia ferrea (EHEFLf) in zebrafish, emphasizing the possible changes in the organic-cellular level of the gills, liver, kidneys, and intestine and on embryos. The result obtained by LC-M/MS from EHEFLf indicated a high concentration of possible polyhydroxylated substances. EHEFLf, at a dose of 2 g/kg orally, produced non-significant alterations of the analyzed organs. However, for embryos, the treatment with different concentrations demonstrated heart toxicity that was concentration-dependent. There is no evidence of a correlation of the observed effects with the phytochemical composition, and considering the species of animal used, it can be suggested that the oral use of L. ferrea hydroethanolic extract has an acceptable degree of safety for use as an oral medicinal product. and embryo results have shown significant affinity to the heart; however, it is perceived to be related to the concentrations used.

scholarly journals Expression of an Engineered Cecropin Gene Cassette in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Confers Disease Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Huang ◽  
R. O. Nordeen ◽  
M. Di ◽  
L. D. Owens ◽  
J. H. McBeath
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Gene Fusion ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Gene Cassette ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Bacterial Inoculum ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitor Ii ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bacterial Concentrations

A chimeric gene fusion cassette, consisting of a secretory sequence from barley α-amylase joined to a modified cecropin (MB39) coding sequence and placed under control of the promoter and terminator from the potato proteinase inhibitor II (PiII) gene, was introduced into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic and control plants reacted differently when inoculated with tobacco wildfire pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci at various cell concentrations. With control plants (transformed with a PiII-GUS [β-D-glucuronidase] gene fusion), necrosis was clearly visible in leaf tissue infiltrated with bacterial inoculum levels of 102, 103, 104, 105, and 106 CFU/ml. With MB39-transgenic plants, however, necrosis was observed only in the areas infiltrated with the two highest levels (105 and 106 CFU/ml). No necrosis was evident in areas infiltrated with bacterial concentrations of 104 CFU/ml or less. Bacterial multiplication in leaves of MB39-transgenic plants was suppressed more than 10-fold compared to control plants, and absence of disease symptom development was associated with this growth suppression. We conclude that the pathogen-induced promoter and the secretory sequence were competent elements for transforming a cecropin gene into an effective disease-control gene for plants.

ADDITIONAL HOST PLANTS OF CLOVER PHYLLODY IN CANADA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. CHIYKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Source Plant ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Clover Phyllody

Symptoms were observed on 35 out of 74 plant species, in 15 families inoculated with clover phyllody by the aster leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal)). Symptomatology for some of the hosts is described and illustrated. There were differences in numbers of plants infected, length of time for symptom development, and numbers of insects surviving on the various species of plants, but these were not correlated. Although the clover phyllody agent was transmitted to asters from 17 of 19 infected plant species the number of leafhoppers that became inoculative varied considerably depending on the source plant species.

scholarly journals BEHAVIOR OF SOMATIC CELLS HOMOZYGOUS FOR ZYGOTIC LETHALS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-376
Author(s):  
Pedro Ripoll
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Genetic Mosaics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Derivatives Of

ABSTRACT The behavior in genetic mosaics of 86 EMS-induced sex-linked lethals has been studied. Seventy-five percent of them are autonomous in gynandromorphs. Forty-three lethals nonviable in sex mosaics have been analyzed in X-ray-induced spots in the abdominal tergites and the imaginal wing derivatives. Of the lethals, 90.7% are homozygous viable in mosaic spots, and only 9.3% have been classified as epidermal cell lethal. Thus, the fraction of the Drosophila genome essential for cell viability has been estimated to be about 420 genes. The phenotypes at the cellular level of some cell-viable mutations altering cell parameters (mitotic orientation, differentiation, etc.) are described.

Phylloepiphytic interaction between bacteria and different plant species in a tropical agricultural system

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 918-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lílian Estrela Borges Baldotto ◽  
Fábio Lopes Olivares
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Epidermal Cell Wall ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Relationship Of

Plant surfaces are a favourable niche for bacterial establishment, and hypothetically, plant species differ in their capacity to harbour epiphytic bacterial communities. This study was conducted to evaluate and describe the structural relationship of a bacterial community at the phyllosphere level with different plant species in a tropical ecosystem. Leaf blades of 47 plant species distributed in 27 botanical families were collected on a typical small Brazilian farm and prepared for observation under light and scanning electron microscopy. Naturally occurring bacteria were the most abundant settlers of the phylloplane, followed by fungal spore or hyphae. All plant species studied were colonized by phylloepiphytic bacteria, which were observed as solitary cells, microcolonies, and biofilms. However, independent of the family, the plant species differed in the pattern of phyllosphere colonization, as reflected in bacteria frequency and presence or absence of anatomical features that would favour the association. The phylloepiphytic bacteria were preferentially established on the following sites: epidermal cell wall junctions, glandular and nonglandular trichomes, veins, stomata, and epidermal cell wall surface. Profuse bacteria and fungi colonization was observed, at a level that was at least comparable with temperate regions. Interestingly, fungi seemed to alter the bacteria colonization pattern, most probably by microenvironmental modifications. The trichome type and density as well as the presence of epicuticular wax on the leaf blade surface seemed to be the most determinant anatomical features for the pattern of phyllosphere colonization. The presence of trichomes has a favourable, and epicuticular wax an unfavourable influence on the plant–bacteria interaction.

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF CUCUMIS MELO L. MESOPHYLL AND SUSPENSION CELLS FOR HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION STUDIES.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 698e-698
Author(s):  
P. Healey ◽  
T.J Ng ◽  
F.A. Hammerschlag
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Optical Probe ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Suspension Cells ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Interaction Studies ◽  
Host Pathogen

Mesophyll cells are desirable targets for studying responses to pathogens or pathogen-induced toxins. Based on host-pathogen or host-toxin interaction studies at the cellular level it can be determined whether a toxin can be used as a selective agent. Suspension cells are suitable selection units for in vitro selection of potentially useful somaclonal variants. Protocols for the isolation of muskmelon mesophyll and suspension cells were developed in order to study the effects of roridin E, a toxin produced by Myrothecium roridum, on leaf spot tolerant and sensitive muskmelon cultivars. Viable mesophyll cells were obtained by exposing leaf tissue to 1% cellulysin and 5% macerase in B5 medium with 0.4M sucrose for one hour. Viable suspension cells were maintained a medium consisting of MS salts, 3% sucrose, 3 (μM thiamine·HCl, 555 μM myo-Inositol, 28 μM kinetin and 9 μM IAA. Fluorescein diacetate was used to determine viability over time. Membrane stability was monitored by measuring changes in the fluorescence of cells stained with Merocyanine 540 (MC 540), an optical probe for changes in transmembrane electrical potential (PD).

Foliar Nematodes: A Summary of Biology and Control with a Compilation of Host Range

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Aphelenchoides Fragariae ◽  
And Control ◽  
Plant Surfaces

Foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides fragariae, A. ritzemabosi, and A. besseyi) are pathogens of ornamental crops in greenhouse and nursery production, and may infect some field crops as well. Foliar nematodes migrate over plant surfaces through films of water to enter the stomates of leaves, causing vein-delimited lesions on leaf tissue. This review covers research on the identification, biology, epidemiology, and management of foliar nematodes, and also provides a new compilation of plant hosts that includes over 700 different plant species. Accepted for publication 11 October 2011. Published 29 November 2011.

scholarly journals Use of Green Fluorescent Protein-Transgenic Strains to Study Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Lifestyles in Colletotrichum acutatum

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigal Horowitz ◽  
Stanley Freeman ◽  
Amir Sharon
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Colletotrichum acutatum, which causes anthracnose disease on strawberry, can also persist on several other plant species without causing disease symptoms. The genetic and molecular bases that determine pathogenic and nonpathogenic lifestyles in C. acutatum are unclear. We developed a transformation system for C. acutatum by electroporation of germinating conidia, and transgenic isolates that express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were produced. Details of the pathogenic and nonpathogenic lifestyles of C. acutatum were determined by using GFP-transgenic isolates. Major differences between colonization-mediating processes of strawberry and of other plants were observed. On the main host, strawberry, the germinating conidia formed branched, thick hyphae, and large numbers of appressoria were produced that were essential for plant penetration. In strawberry, the fungus developed rapidly, filling the mesophyll with dense mycelium that invaded the cells and caused necrosis of the tissue. In nonpathogenic interactions on pepper, eggplant, and tomato, the conidia germinated, producing thin, straight germ tubes. Appressoria were produced but failed to germinate and penetrate leaf tissue, resulting in epiphytic growth without invasion of the plant. Penetration of the plant occurred only several days after inoculation and was restricted to the intercellular spaces of the first cell layers of infected tissue without causing any visible damage. Much of the new fungal biomass continued to develop on the surface of inoculated organs in the nonpathogenic interaction. The differences in fungal development on strawberry compared with the other plant species suggest that signal molecules, which may be present only in strawberry, trigger appressorial germination and penetration of the primary host.

scholarly journals The P450 multigene family of Fontainea and insights into diterpenoid synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahida A. Mitu ◽  
Steven M. Ogbourne ◽  
Anne H. Klein ◽  
Trong D. Tran ◽  
Paul W. Reddell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome P450s ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Partial Length ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Number Of Plant Species

Abstract Background Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are enzymes that play critical roles in the biosynthesis of physiologically important compounds across all organisms. Although they have been characterised in a large number of plant species, no information relating to these enzymes are available from the genus Fontainea (family Euphorbiaceae). Fontainea is significant as the genus includes species that produce medicinally significant epoxy-tigliane natural products, one of which has been approved as an anti-cancer therapeutic. Results A comparative species leaf metabolome analysis showed that Fontainea species possess a chemical profile different from various other plant species. The diversity and expression profiles of Fontainea P450s were investigated from leaf and root tissue. A total of 103 and 123 full-length P450 genes in Fontainea picrosperma and Fontainea venosa, respectively (and a further 127/125 partial-length) that were phylogenetically classified into clans, families and subfamilies. The majority of P450 identified are most active within root tissue (66.2% F. picrosperma, 65.0% F. venosa). Representatives within the CYP71D and CYP726A were identified in Fontainea that are excellent candidates for diterpenoid synthesis, of which CYP726A1, CYP726A2 and CYP71D1 appear to be exclusive to Fontainea species and were significantly more highly expressed in root tissue compared to leaf tissue. Conclusion This study presents a comprehensive overview of the P450 gene family in Fontainea that may provide important insights into the biosynthesis of the medicinally significant epoxy-tigliane diterpenes found within the genus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document