Effect of intercellular washing fluids on the interactions between bean plants and fungi nonpathogenic on beans

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 934-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimin Li ◽  
Michèle C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Silica Deposition ◽  
Saprophytic Fungus ◽  
Plant Parasite ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Fungal Parasites ◽  
Bean Leaves

Intercellular washing fluids from various compatible plant–parasite interactions were tested for their ability to reduce silica deposition on plant walls and to increase haustorium production in bean leaves following inoculation with the normally incompatible cowpea rust fungus. Only fluids from bean, wheat, and sunflower plants infected with their respective compatible rust fungi exhibited such activity, and no fluid had any similar effect on the nonhost interaction between bean leaves and other rust fungi. Fluids from rusted bean leaves did not increase the intercellular growth of a saprophytic fungus or other fungal parasites nonpathogenic on beans, nor did they affect silica deposition induced by these fungi. These data suggest that some feature of silica induction in bean by the cowpea rust fungus is unique and is affected by components in the intercellular washing fluids from only certain rust-infected plants. Fluids from uninoculated healthy wheat or sunflower plants and a Driselase solution that induces haustoria in vitro all increased haustorium formation by the cowpea rust fungus, but to a lesser extent than fluids from infected plants; silica deposition was not affected in these cases, suggesting that fluids from uninoculated plants may promote haustorium formation rather than prevent silica deposition.

In Vitro Establishment of Powdery Mildew (Microsphaera pulchra) on Microshoots of Flowering Dogwood

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 506a-506
Author(s):  
L.A. Klein ◽  
M.T. Windham ◽  
R.N. Trigiano
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Plant Parasite ◽  
In Vitro Establishment

Microshoot and callus cultures of Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), which were grown on woody plant medium amended with BA, were inoculated with Microsphaera pulchra (an obligate plant parasite) by gently shaking infected leaves bearing numerous conidia over the tissue. Culture dishes were sealed with parafilm and incubated at 24 °C with 25 mol·m–2·s–1 provided by cool fluorescent bulbs for 15 h. Cultures were examined with a dissecting scope every 24 h and cultures transferred when contaminating fungi were present. Specimens were prepared light microscopy and SEM. The fungus infected individual callus cells, but did not sporulate. In contrast, powdery mildew was well-established (both primary and secondary hyphae) in 70% of the microshoot cultures after 6 days and sporulated on 20% by 7 to 8 days. The cellular relationship between host and pathogen in vitro was similar to that found in greenhouse-grown plants. This technique has possible applications in maintaining fungal culture collections and studying host–pathogen relationships under more stringently controlled conditions.

Disease-resistant transgenic adzuki bean plants obtained through an efficient transformation system

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huatao Chen ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Heping Gu ◽  
Xingxing Yuan ◽  
Hongmei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Adventitious Bud ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
Transformation System ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Bud Induction

An efficient regeneration and transformation system was established and optimised for adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi). 6-Benzylaminopurine at 5 mg L–1 was used to increase adventitious bud induction frequency. The highest frequency of shoot elongation was 92.8% when using a medium composition of MS salts combined with 0.1 mg L–1 of IAA, 0.5 mg L–1 of GA3, 1.0 mg L–1 of zeatin-riboside, 50 mg L–1 of aspartic acid, and 50 mg L–1 of glutamic acid. In vitro rooting was 100% when shoots were cultured on the solid MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L–1 of NAA. Reproducible transformation of epicotyl explants was developed using the A. tumefaciens EHA105 strain. Using a concentration of 40 mg L–1 of acetosyringone, 20 mm MES, and 5 mg L–1 of 6-benzylaminopurine in the co-cultivation medium, a transformation efficiency of 12.6% was attained. Using this transformation protocol, we obtained transgenic adzuki bean plants resistant to soybean mosaic virus by introducing the V. angularis VaPR3 gene.

scholarly journals Morpho-molecular identification and pathogenicity test on fungal parasites of guava root-knot nematode eggs in Lampung, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gede Swibawa I Gede ◽  
YUYUN FITRIANA ◽  
SOLIKHIN ◽  
RADIX SUHARJO ◽  
F.X. SUSILO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Greenhouse Test ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Fungal Parasites

Abstract. Swibawa IG, Fitriana Y, Solikhin, Suharjo R, Susilo FX, Rani E, Haryani MS, Wardana RA. 2020. Morpho-molecular identification and pathogenicity test on fungal parasites of guava root-knot nematode eggs in Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1108-1115. This study aimed to obtain and discover the identity of the species of fungal egg parasites of root-knot nematodes (RKN), which have a high pathogenic ability causing major losses in vegetable crops. The exploration of the fungi was carried out in 2016 and 2018 from Crystal guava plantations in East Lampung, Central Lampung, Tanggamus, and NirAma, a commercial product that has been used for controlling Meloidogyne sp. in Indonesia. Identification was carried out based on morphological characteristics and molecular-based gene sequential analysis of Intergenic Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 and ITS 4. A pathogenicity test was carried out in vitro and in a greenhouse using tomato plants as indicator plants. In the in vitro test, observations were made on the percentage of infected RKN eggs. The observations in the greenhouse test were carried out on RKN populations in the soil and roots of tomato plants, root damage (root knots), and damage intensity due to RKN infection. The exploration resulted in five isolates of fungal egg parasites of RKN from the guava plantations in East Lampung (2), Central Lampung (1), Tanggamus (1), and from the isolation results of commercial products (1). The isolates were given codes as B4120X (PT GGP PG1), B3010 (PT GGP PG4), B412G (PT GGP PG 4), B01TG (Tanggamus), and BioP (Commercial products). Based on their morphological characteristics, the isolates were classified into the genus of Paecilomyces. The results of molecular identification showed that the discovered fungi were Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom.) Luangsa Ard. (Syn. Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samson.). Based on the in vitro tests, the five fungal isolates were able to parasitize RKN eggs at 86.4-100%. In the greenhouse test, all isolates significantly suppressed nematode populations in the soil and tomato roots, inhibited the formation of root knots, and produced lower damage intensity compared to controls. Among all the isolates tested, B01TG had the best ability to infect nematode eggs (99.5%), suppressing the formation of root knots, nematode population in the soil and the roots of tomato plants, and the damage intensity compared to other isolates.

scholarly journals Revealing the high variability on nonconserved core and mobile elements of Austropuccinia psidii and other rust mitochondrial genomes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248054
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Raquel de Almeida ◽  
Diego Mauricio Riaño Pachón ◽  
Livia Maria Franceschini ◽  
Isaneli Batista dos Santos ◽  
Jessica Aparecida Ferrarezi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mtdna Sequence ◽  
Austropuccinia Psidii

Mitochondrial genomes are highly conserved in many fungal groups, and they can help characterize the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary biology of plant pathogenic fungi. Rust fungi are among the most devastating diseases for economically important crops around the world. Here, we report the complete sequence and annotation of the mitochondrial genome of Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Puccinia psidii), the causal agent of myrtle rust. We performed a phylogenomic analysis including the complete mitochondrial sequences from other rust fungi. The genome composed of 93.299 bp has 73 predicted genes, 33 of which encoded nonconserved proteins (ncORFs), representing almost 45% of all predicted genes. A. psidii mtDNA is one of the largest rust mtDNA sequenced to date, most likely due to the abundance of ncORFs. Among them, 33% were within intronic regions of diverse intron groups. Mobile genetic elements invading intron sequences may have played significant roles in size but not shaping of the rust mitochondrial genome structure. The mtDNAs from rust fungi are highly syntenic. Phylogenetic inferences with 14 concatenated mitochondrial proteins encoded by the core genes placed A. psidii according to phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA. Interestingly, cox1, the gene with the greatest number of introns, provided phylogenies not congruent with the core set. For the first time, we identified the proteins encoded by three A. psidii ncORFs using proteomics analyses. Also, the orf208 encoded a transmembrane protein repressed during in vitro morphogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, we presented the first report of a complete mtDNA sequence of a member of the family Sphaerophragmiacea.

Effect of light exposure on in vitro germination and germ tube growth of eight species of rust fungi

Mycologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1134-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Buck ◽  
Weibo Dong ◽  
Daren S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Germ Tube ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Effect Of Light ◽  
Germ Tube Growth

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Involvement of Defense Signaling Pathways in Components of the Nonhost Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Rust Fungi Also Reveals a Model System for Studying Rust Fungal Compatibility

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denny G. Mellersh ◽  
Michèle C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Defense Signaling ◽  
Infection Hypha

Seventeen accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the cowpea rust fungus Uromyces vignae exhibited a variety of expressions of nonhost resistance, although infection hypha growth typically ceased before the formation of the first haustorium, except in Ws-0. Compared with wild-type plants, there was no increased fungal growth in ndr1 or eds1 mutants defective in two of the signal cascades regulated by the major class of Arabidopsis host resistance genes. However, in the Col-0 background, infection hyphae of U. vignae and two other rust fungi were longer in sid2 mutants defective in an enzyme that synthesizes salicylic acid (SA), in npr1 mutants deficient in a regulator of the expression of SA-dependent pathogenesis related (PR) genes, and in NahG plants containing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase. Infection hyphae of U. vignae and U. appendiculatus but not of Puccinia helianthi were also longer in jar1 mutants, which are defective in the jasmonic acid defense signaling pathway. Nevertheless, haustorium formation increased only for the Uromyces spp. and only in sid2 mutants or NahG plants. Rather than the hypersensitive cell death that usually accompanies haustorium formation in nonhost plants, Arabidopsis typically encased haustoria in calloselike material. Growing fungal colonies of both Uromyces spp., indicative of a successful biotrophic relationship between plant and fungus, formed in NahG plants, but only U. vignae formed growing colonies in the sid2 mutants and cycloheximide-treated wild-type plants. Growing colonies did not develop in NahG tobacco or tomato plants. These data suggest that nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis to rust fungi primarily involves the restriction of infection hypha growth as a result of defense gene expression. However, there is a subsequent involvement of SA but not SA-dependent PR genes in preventing the Uromyces spp. from forming the first haustorium and establishing a sufficient biotrophic relationship to support further fungal growth. The U. vignae-Arabidopsis combination could allow the application of the powerful genetic capabilities of this model plant to the study of compatibility as well as nonhost resistance to rust fungi.

scholarly journals Leaf Cuticle Can Contribute to Non-Host Resistance to Poplar Leaf Rust

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu ◽  
Shen ◽  
Newcombe ◽  
Fan ◽  
Chen
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Ether ◽  
Populus Tomentosa ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Leaf Cuticle ◽  
Poplar Leaf

The plant leaf cuticle is a chemically complex but largely waxy outer shell that limits water loss and also prevents some pathogens from gaining access to internal mesophyll. Rust fungi are obligate parasites, and most bypass the cuticle by thigmotropically locating stomata, growing through the stomatal openings, and then parasitizing mesophyll cells with haustoria. It is thought that even non-hosts of a given rust fungus do not resist until their mesophyll cells are contacted in this way. In other words, it is thought that the cuticle plays no role in non-host resistance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that poplar leaf cuticles might contribute to non-host resistance to rust fungi by chemically impeding the germination and growth of urediniosporelings of Melampsora larici-populina. Following an initial survey in China of the resistance of 36 genotypes of various species and interspecific hybrids of Populus to M. larici-populina, we selected three genotypes for the initial test of hypothesis: (1) A Populus purdomii genotype that is fully susceptible; (2) a Populus deltoides cv. ‘I-69′ that is incompletely resistant (i.e., a resistant host); and (3) a Populus tomentosa genotype that is a non-host to M. larici-populina. Urediniospores were assayed for germination in extracts of the cuticles of the three genotypes. Germination was most reduced by the P. tomentosa non-host cuticular extracts that also reduced the growth of germ tubes to 36 times less than that in controls or in the extract of the susceptible P. purdomii. Four cuticular components were identified as putative defense compounds given greater concentrations in P. tomentosa than in P. purdomii: Aucubin, hexakis(trimethylsilyl) ether, catechol, 7,9-Di-tert-buty l-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6, 9-diene-2,8-dione and trifluoroacetamide. These four compounds were then tested, and they reduced urediniospore germination and uredinial density in inoculations of normally susceptible P. purdomii with Melampsora larici-populina. Thus, the cuticle of P. tomentosa can contribute to pre-haustorial, non-host resistance to M. larici-populina.

scholarly journals Rates of aminoacyl-transfer-ribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo and in vitro by bean leaves

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Hall ◽  
K. L. Tao
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Leaf Discs ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acids ◽  
Intact Leaves ◽  
Aminoacyl Transfer ◽  
Bean Leaves

1. A procedure for measuring rates of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis in vitro and in intact leaves is presented. 2. Leaf discs showed rates close to those of intact leaves. 3. Cell-free preparations showed similar rates when assayed by pyrophosphate exchange, but actual aminoacyl-tRNA formation rates appeared to be much lower. Evidence is presented that dilution of supplied labelled amino acids was a major factor causing the low apparent rates. 4. Attempts to strip endogenous amino acids from plant tRNA resulted in low acceptor capability of the tRNA.

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