Fungal calcium oxalate in mycorrhizae of Monotropa uniflora

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Snetselaar ◽  
Kenneth D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Nutrient Transfer ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

Monotropa uniflora is an achlorophyllous angiosperm that is obligately mycotrophic. The "monotropoid" mycorrhizae it forms resemble ectomycorrhizae but are distinguished by elaborations of the epidermal cell walls that surround intruding fungal hyphae. Monotropoid mycorrhizae collected from blooming plants in late summer contained calcium oxalate crystals between mantle hyphae. The crystals appeared to form in association with hyphal walls and grew into a matrix outside the hyphae. Production of calcium oxalate by M. uniflora's mycobiont seems to be a coordinated metabolic process rather than a random precipitation event. The significance of calcium translocation and isolation as calcium oxalate to this mycorrhizal fungus is unclear, but the presence of extensive crystal deposits during and after flowering of the host plant suggests a possible link with the nutrient transfer occurring at that time. Mycorrhizal regulation of calcium may affect the availability of mineral nutrients to the associated Monotropa plants. Key words: Monotropa uniflora, mycorrhiza, calcium oxalate, ectomycorrhiza.

Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 881-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin V. Dutton ◽  
Christine S. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Copper Salts ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Secretion

Oxalate secretion by fungi provides many advantages for their growth and colonization of substrates. The role of oxalic acid in pathogenesis is through acidification of host tissues and sequestration of calcium from host cell walls. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals weakens the cell walls, thereby allowing polygalacturonase to effect degradation more rapidly in a synergistic response. There is good correlation between pathogenesis, virulence, and oxalic acid secretion. Solubility of soil nutrients is achieved by soil-living species, when cations freed by oxalate diffusing in clay layers increases the effective solubility of Al and Fe. Oxalate retained in hyphal mats of mycorrhizal species increases phosphate and sulphate availability. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals provides a reservoir of calcium in the ecosystem. The ability of oxalate to bind divalent cations permits detoxification of copper, particularly evident in wood preserved with copper salts. Oxalate plays a unique role in lignocellulose degradation by wood-rotting basidiomycetes, acting as a low molecular mass agent initiating decay. In addition, in white-rot fungi oxalate acts as a potential electron donor for lignin-peroxidase catalysed reduction and chelates manganese, allowing the dissolution of Mn3+from the manganese–enzyme complex and thus stimulating extracellular manganese peroxidase activity. The biosynthesis and degradation of oxalate are discussed.Key words: oxalic acid, calcium oxalate, pathogenicity, fungi.

Calcium oxalate crystal formation in a species of Hyphoderma (basidiomycetes)

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
K. D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

Calcium oxalate crystals are often found in association with fungal hyphae. In examining leaf litter samples with the use of scanning electron microscopy, Graustein et al. demonstrated that hyphae of some basidiomycetes are often encrusted with conspicuous calcium oxalate deposits and postulated that these crystals were formed when oxalate released by the fungus precipitated with free calcium ions in the environment. Studies by Arnott and Arnott and Webb, however, showed that at least some calcium oxalate crystals produced by these fungi arose within the fungal cell wall. These studies revealed that the crystals were enclosed within a thin layer of wall material during development, and it was hypothesized that the growth of the crystals is under direct control of the fungal cell.

Chemical and Ultrastructural Features of the Lichen-volcanic/Sedimentary Rock Interface in a Semiarid Region (Almería, Spain)

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Souza-Egipsy ◽  
Jacek Wierzchos ◽  
Jose Vicente García-Ramos ◽  
Carmen Ascaso
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Precipitation

AbstractThe chemical and ultrastructural features of the interface formed by different biotypes of saxicolous lichen species with their rock substrata were investigated in the semiarid habitat of the SE Iberian Peninsula and the relationships between the bioweathering patterns observed and lichen colonization selectivity towards the different rock substrata evaluated. Xanthoria parietina was able to fix to the rock substratum by the adherence of single cell walls from the lower cortex. Neofuscelia pulla used rhizines and loose groups of hyphae for attachment of the thallus to the rock. Colonization by the foliose lichen species was confined to the rock surface, while Diploschistes diacapsis was also able grow below the surface showing two types of hyphal growth. Minerals in close contact with cell walls were biochemically and biophysically weathered, but hyphae showing calcium oxalate crystals did not appear to be directly involved in the patterns observed. The textural characteristics of the substratum seemed to be related to the type of microorganism colonization: sedimentary rocks were more deeply colonized by lichens and other chasmolithic microorganisms than volcanic material. Calcium oxalate crystals were found in the medulla of N. pulla but not at the lichen-substratum interface. Crustose lichens such as D. diacapsis showed calcium oxalate crystals in the upper cortex and over the outside of fungal medullary hyphae but not in direct contact with the rock surface. Calcium oxalate precipitation seems to be related to the different metabolic activities of the mycobiont within the lichen thallus and to different species. D. diacapsis inhibits the growth of other microorganisms in close proximity to the thallus, whereas foliose species were associated with several communities of microorganisms.

IN VITRO ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF FRESH JUICE OF WHEATGRASS

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Reecha Madaan ◽  
R. Bala ◽  
C. Kaur ◽  
A Sharma ◽  
D. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Kidney Stone ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Turbidity Method

The objective of this work was to determine the anti-urolithiatic potential of fresh juice of wheatgrass, i.e., Triticum aestivum L. Wheatgrass juice is a rich source of mineral nutrients like iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The qualitative phytochemical screening of fresh wheatgrass juice showed the presence of amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. The in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity was determined using dissolution method and by turbidity method. Crystals of calcium oxalate were prepared and packed in semi-permeable membrane in both methods. Percentage increase in dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals and increase in turbidity was measured, and compared with control (distilled water). Wheatgrass juice exhibited significant anti-urolithiatic activity when compared to the control. The result revealed that wheatgrass juice has potential in the treatment of kidney stone.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

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