Lichen physiology and air pollution. I. Physiological responses of in situ Parmelia sulcata among air pollution zones within Biel, Switzerland

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. von Arb ◽  
C. Brunold
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Parmelia Sulcata ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
The City

Parmelia sulcata, a rather pollution resistant lichen species, was collected at 13 locations with different levels of air pollution from its natural habitat in the city and the suburbs of Biel, Switzerland, The growth rate, net and gross photosynthesis, release of C-assimilates, dark respiration, and protein and chlorophyll content were determined. Growth rates differed maximally by a factor of 7 with the lowest rates at fee central and most polluted locations of the city. The chlorophyll content was highest in the center and maximally four times lower at the suburban locations. The protein content, dark respiration, and net and gross photosynthesis did not differ significantly between the 13 locations when based on the dry weight, but the percentage of C-assimilates released by the algal cells was up to 15 times lower in the center. These results are different from previous reports where the transplant technique had been used, indicating that the long term effects of air pollution on the lichen metabolism under natural conditions are not the same. Key words: photosynthesis, C assimilation, growth, chlorophyll, dark respiration.

Responses of the moss Tortula ruralis to desiccation treatments. I. Effects of minimum water content and rates of dehydration and rehydration

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2698-2706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Schonbeck ◽  
J. Derek Bewley
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Tortula Ruralis ◽  
Water Contents

Samples of the moss Tortula ruralis were desiccated either rapidly or slowly to different tissue water contents to determine the limits of desiccation tolerance. Experimental samples were rehydrated rapidly by contact with wet filter paper, and gas exchange, chlorophyll content, electrolyte efflux, and linear growth rate were compared with those of control samples. Drying to 0.30–0.089 g H2O∙g dry weight−1 did not significantly affect the moss. Slow drying to 0.058–0.008 g H2O∙g dry weight−1 caused temporary increases in dark respiration and electrolyte leakage, and a slight inhibition of growth. Rapid drying of the same water contents caused visible injury, reduced total chlorophyll and the ratio of chlorophyll a:b, greatly enhanced electrolyte efflux, and severely inhibited gross photosynthesis and linear growth. The damaging effects of rapid drying could be eliminated either by partial desiccation for 1–3 h before rapid drying, or by placing the dry moss in a 100% relative humidity (RH) atmosphere for 1–5 h before rehydration.Tortula ruralis demonstrated greater drought tolerance than many other bryophytes, algae, seeds, and desert angiosperms, and is clearly capable of surviving any drought which might occur in its natural habitat.

scholarly journals Analyzing Individual-Level Secondary Data with Instrumental Variable Methods Is Useful for Studying the Effects of Air Pollution on Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Bishop ◽  
Sehba Husain-Krautter ◽  
Jonathan D. Ketcham ◽  
Nicolai V. Kuminoff ◽  
Corbett Schimming
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Medicare Claims Data ◽  
Advance Knowledge ◽  
Air Quality Data

We hypothesize that analyzing individual-level secondary data with instrumental variable (IV) methods can advance knowledge of the long-term effects of air pollution on dementia. We discuss issues in measurement using secondary data and how IV estimation can overcome biases due to measurement error and unmeasured variables. We link air-quality data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s monitors with Medicare claims data to illustrate the use of secondary data to document associations. Additionally, we describe results from a previous study that uses an IV for pollution and finds that PM2.5’s effects on dementia are larger than non-causal associations.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Effects on Forest Ecosystems at Various Spatio-Temporal Scales

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 827-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bredemeier
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The World

The focus in this review of long-term effects on forest ecosystems is on human impact. As a classification of this differentiated and complex matter, three domains of long-term effects with different scales in space and time are distinguished: 1- Exploitation and conversion history of forests in areas of extended human settlement 2- Long-range air pollution and acid deposition in industrialized regions 3- Current global loss of forests and soil degradation.There is an evident link between the first and the third point in the list. Cultivation of primary forestland — with its tremendous effects on land cover — took place in Europe many centuries ago and continued for centuries. Deforestation today is a phenomenon predominantly observed in the developing countries, yet it threatens biotic and soil resources on a global scale. Acidification of forest soils caused by long-range air pollution from anthropogenic emission sources is a regional to continental problem in industrialized parts of the world. As a result of emission reduction legislation, atmospheric acid deposition is currently on the retreat in the richer industrialized regions (e.g., Europe, U.S., Japan); however, because many other regions of the world are at present rapidly developing their polluting industries (e.g., China and India), “acid rain” will most probably remain a serious ecological problem on regional scales. It is believed to have caused considerable destabilization of forest ecosystems, adding to the strong structural and biogeochemical impacts resulting from exploitation history.Deforestation and soil degradation cause the most pressing ecological problems for the time being, at least on the global scale. In many of those regions where loss of forests and soils is now high, it may be extremely difficult or impossible to restore forest ecosystems and soil productivity. Moreover, the driving forces, which are predominantly of a demographic and socioeconomic nature, do not yet seem to be lessening in strength. It can only be hoped that a wise policy of international cooperation and shared aims can cope with this problem in the future.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Final Beneficiaries about the Performance of Cross-sector Partnerships: A Case Study Applied to the 2008 Zaragoza International Exhibition on Water and Sustainable Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3860
Author(s):  
José María Agudo-Valiente ◽  
Pilar Gargallo-Valero ◽  
Manuel Salvador-Figueras
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
International Exhibition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The City

Using the 2008 Zaragoza International Exhibition “Water and sustainable development” as a case study, this paper aims to respond to the increasing demand for measurements of the effects and the implications of the performance of cross-sector partnerships from the perspective of their intended final beneficiaries. A contingency framework for measuring the short-, medium- and long-term effects of the 2008 Zaragoza International Exhibition is developed based on a “results chain” or “logic model”. Our results highlight that there are positive long-term synergies between the two main purposes of the 2008 Zaragoza International Exhibition; first, to increase public awareness of and commitment to the problems of water and sustainable development and, second, to make the city of Zaragoza better known internationally and to modernize its infrastructures. Although respondents to our survey consider that the long-term effects on the city are greater, the main short- and medium-term effects are related to awareness of water problems, sustainable development and non-governmental organizations. These results are in tune with what has happened around the city in the last 10 years providing indirect validity both to our study and to the proposed methodology.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of air pollution on ankle-brachial index

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqi Zhang ◽  
Kathrin Wolf ◽  
Susanne Breitner ◽  
Florian Kronenberg ◽  
Massimo Stafoggia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions. Results from the Italian cohort in the LIFE MED HISS project. (LIFE12 ENV/IT/000834)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Gandini* ◽  
Cecilia Scarinzi ◽  
Giovanna Berti ◽  
Moreno Demaria ◽  
Maria Rowinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Italian Cohort
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