Histological and chemical changes in tannic compounds of evergreen oak leaf litter

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Racon ◽  
N. Sadaka ◽  
G. Gil ◽  
J. Le Petit ◽  
R. Matheron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Enzymatic Action ◽  
Evergreen Oak ◽  
Oak Leaves

In evergreen oak leaves collected at a western Mediterranean site (Var, France), the amounts of both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins decrease through the depth of the leaf litter. The decrease in condensed tannins could be partly explained by the cellular degradation of the lower epidermis and the mesophyll of leaves, as observed in histological sections. However, the condensed tannins may also be degraded by microbial enzymes because their average molecular weight decreased by about 50%. In contrast, the decrease in hydrolyzable tannins seems to be initiated by microbial enzymatic action, which is then followed by the same degradation process described above.

The Chondrilla gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). II. biology and host specificity

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Caresche ◽  
A. J. Wapshere
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Southern Greece

AbstractA Cecidomyiid gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen), lives on several related Chondrilla spp. occurring from Greece and eastern Europe to Iran. Its biology and host specificity were studied in the eastern Mediterranean region as part of the biological control programme against the weed C. juncea (Compositae, Cichoriaceae) in Australia. The adult female oviposits into the lower epidermis of the plant where small circular to ovoid raised galls are produced on the rosette, stem leaves and the stem. All the immature stages are completed inside the gall in 24–44 days, allowing 6–7 generations per year in southern Greece before low temperatures prevent development of overwintering larvae. The midge is heavily parasitised in Greece by two species of Eulophidae. Particularly in southern Greece, dense gall populations cover the leaves and stems of C. juncea, causing death of leaves, stunting and less seeding. Tests against 76 species of plants including some Cichoriaceae closely related to Chondrilla showed that Cystiphora schmidti is specific to the genus Chondrilla. Comparative tests with Cystiphora schmidti from Greece against four forms of Chondrilla juncea showed that the midge was adapted to its usual Greek host but was less closely adapted to a western Mediterranean form. The Greek strain of the midge readily attacked and thrived on the main Australian form of C. juncea.

Evergreen oak leaves as natural monitor in environmental pollution

1988 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 713-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Capannesi ◽  
S. Caroli ◽  
A. Rosada
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Evergreen Oak ◽  
Oak Leaves

Seasonal Variation in the Content of Hydrolyzable Tannins, Flavonoid Glycosides, and Proanthocyanidins in Oak Leaves

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1693-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha-Pekka Salminen ◽  
Tomas Roslin ◽  
Maarit Karonen ◽  
Jari Sinkkonen ◽  
Kalevi Pihlaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Oak Leaves

scholarly journals Evaluación del contenido de metabolitos secundarios en dos especies de plantas forrajeras encontradas en dos pisos térmicos de Colombia

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Luz Elena Santacoloma-Varón ◽  
Jairo Enrique Granados
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Different Altitudes

<p><strong>Resumen</strong>.- Recolectamos muestras de dos especies forrajeras: Gliricidia sepium, y Tithonia diversifolia en dos localidades en diferentes pisos térmicos (Tuluá 960 msnm y Codazzi 131 msnm) y evaluamos el contenido de los taninos condensados y polifenoles totales, tomando muestras de hojas de tres zonas fotosintéticas de la planta. Aplicamos técnicas analíticas e instrumentales de la AOAC internacional para determinar la presencia de fitometabolitos secundarios. Encontramos que en T. diversifolia y en G. sepium no existen diferencias significativas en el contenido de polifenoles totales (PFT) y taninos condensados (TC) entre las dos zonas de la plantas, pero sí existe diferencia significativa entre las muestras provenientes de diferentes pisos térmicos.</p><p><strong>Abstract.</strong>- We evaluated Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia from two different altitudes (Tuluá 960 masl and Codazzi 131 masl). We assess the content of hydrolyzable tannins and total polyphenols in three different parts of the plant, in order to identify the potential effect of altitude over secondary biomolecules concentration. We applied analytical and instrumental protocols of AOAC international to determine the presence of secondary metabolites. Two way ANOVA shows<br />no-significant differences in the content of total polyphenols and condensed tannins in the different parts of the plant in neither T. diversifolia or G. sepium. We found significant differences in the content of total polyphenols within the altitude, but not for the part of the plant in which the sample was collected.</p>

The role of seagrass leaf litter in the SGD-derived nutrient fluxes in Cala Pudent (Menorca, western Mediterranean)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Rodriguez-Puig ◽  
Irene Alorda-Montiel ◽  
Marc Diego-Feliu ◽  
Aaron Alorda-Kleinglass ◽  
Valentí Rodellas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Nutrient Fluxes ◽  
Radioactive Tracers ◽  
Radium Isotopes ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Ecological Implications

&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The assessment of&amp;#160;the biogeochemical cycles in coastal environments&amp;#160;often relies&amp;#160;on riverine&amp;#160;inputs&amp;#160;as the main&amp;#160;source&amp;#160;of nutrients and other dissolved compounds&amp;#160;from land&amp;#160;to the ocean. However,&amp;#160;the discharge of&amp;#160;groundwater&amp;#160;through continental margins,&amp;#160;commonly known as Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD),&amp;#160;is&amp;#160;also&amp;#160;recognized&amp;#160;as&amp;#160;relevant&amp;#160;sources&amp;#160;of nutrients&amp;#160;to the coastal ocean,&amp;#160;particularly&amp;#160;in oligotrophic&amp;#160;and semi-arid&amp;#160;environments,&amp;#160;such as the Mediterranean Sea.&amp;#160;In this study,&amp;#160;we&amp;#160;use radioactive tracers (radium isotopes and radon) to&amp;#160;i)&amp;#160;quantify the magnitude of SGD-driven nutrient fluxes to a Mediterranean&amp;#160;cove (Cala&amp;#160;Pudent,&amp;#160;Menorca,&amp;#160;Balearic Islands)&amp;#160;and&amp;#160;ii) characterize&amp;#160;the&amp;#160;nutrient transformations occurring&amp;#160;in the beach before groundwater discharges to the sea.&amp;#160;Cala&amp;#160;Pudent&amp;#160;is a&amp;#160;limestone&amp;#160;coastal&amp;#160;cove&amp;#160;with a restricted connection to the open sea.&amp;#160;In this system,&amp;#160;groundwater&amp;#160;from a&amp;#160;permanent spring&amp;#160;infiltrates&amp;#160;through&amp;#160;an&amp;#160;organic substrate&amp;#160;dominated by thick deposits of seagrass&amp;#160;(Posidonia&amp;#160;oceanica)&amp;#160;leaf litter&amp;#160;and flows&amp;#160;into the sea.&amp;#160;This substrate, together with the dynamic groundwater-seawater mixing, are chiefly influencing the nutrient&amp;#160;enrichment and&amp;#160;transformation&amp;#160;occurring in&amp;#160;the beach and thus modulating the&amp;#160;SGD-derived nutrient input&amp;#160;to&amp;#160;the sea.&amp;#160;The ecological implications&amp;#160;of these&amp;#160;inputs are also assessed,&amp;#160;particularly&amp;#160;for the&amp;#160;Posidonia&amp;#160;oceanica&amp;#160;and&amp;#160;Cymodocea&amp;#160;nodosa&amp;#160;meadows located near the study site.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Study of Processing and Properties of a few Hemp Linter Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acids Composite Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 1785-1789
Author(s):  
Jia Shuang Luan ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Fu Gui Zhou ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Gang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Batch Mixing ◽  
Sample Count ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Composites of poly(L-lactide) (PLA) with hemp linter fibers, prepared by batch mixing and plasticized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; weight-average molecular weight 1000 g/mol), were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical tests. The properties of samples of PLA/hemp and PLA–PEG/hemp composites were analyzed as a function of the fiber amount. The thermogravimetric analysis of the composites, carried out in air, showed that the degradation process of fiber-filled systems started earlier than that of plain PLA, independently of the presence of the plasticizer. Mechanical tests showed that the property of the composites have been enhanced increased with the hemp content. The mechanical performance high-point of composites appear with count of hemp linter fiber at 1%.(sample count of hemp fiber form 1% to 7%). Plasticization with PEG did not improve the tensile properties of the composites, but improve its break stress.

Modeling and Simulation of Degradation for Biodegradable Polymer Based on Cellular Automata (CA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 1019-1022
Author(s):  
Tao Hong Zhang ◽  
Shou Gang Xu ◽  
Rui Wu Xin ◽  
De Zheng Zhang ◽  
Aziguli Wulamu
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Biodegradable Polymer ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Diffusion Equations ◽  
Number Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Polymer Devices ◽  
Ca Model ◽  
The Relationship

In this article a model based on cellular automata (CA) is proposed to simulate the degradation for biodegradable polymer. The transformational rule of this model is constructed based on the hydrolysis reaction, oligomer diffusion equations and the relationship between intensity and number average molecular weight of the polymer. Furthermore, polymer DLPLA plate corresponding to this CA model was carried out. The simulation shows the middle hollow result which is accordance with the experiment phenomenon. The molecular in the degradation process has good fit with the experiment data. It proves that the model in this article is right and can provide numerical lead for the designs of biodegradable polymer devices.

scholarly journals The effects of leaf litter chemistry and anatomical traits on the litter decomposition rate of Quercus frainetto Ten. and Quercus cerris L. in situ

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-553
Author(s):  
Pavle Pavlovic ◽  
Olga Kostic ◽  
Snezana Jaric ◽  
Gordana Gajic ◽  
Dragana Pavlovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Decomposition Rate Constant ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Quercus Frainetto ◽  
Oil Fractions ◽  
Quercus Cerris

This paper presents the results of a one-year decomposition experiment on Quercus frainetto Ten. and Quercus cerris L. leaf litter in natural conditions. The decomposition rate constant was 0.831 yr?1 (Q. frainetto) and 0.458 yr?1 (Q. cerris). For the initial chemical composition of the oaks? litter, differences were not found in concentrations of lignin and fats, waxes and oil fractions, but were found for water-soluble matter, hemicellulose and cellulose. Later decomposition stages indicated that lignin and fats, waxes and oil fractions influenced differences in both oaks? litter decay rates. Anatomical analysis revealed differences between the oaks in leaf mesophyll and epidermis but not in the entire leaf and lower epidermis. Results after 12 months of the experiment revealed that 48.04% of the entire leaf, 53.30% of mesophyll, 32.93% of lignified upper and 47.67% of lower epidermis in Q. frainetto, and 28.70% of the entire leaf, 31.60% of mesophyll, 25.17% of lignified upper and 20.93% of lower epidermis in Q. cerris were decomposed. Reduction in leaf thickness mainly was caused by the reduction of mesophyll parenchyma, composed of easily degradable plant materials. Leaf tissues with the most recalcitrant plant materials were lignified upper epidermis, covered by a thick cuticle composed of fats and waxes, and xylem within the leaf veins.

scholarly journals Condensed and hydrolyzable tannins in two soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Madarin) cell lines that differ in their ploidy levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Khalequz Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity

Comparison of SB<sub>1</sub> and SB<sub>3</sub> cell lines in both suspension and callus cultures showed that the latter, which produce much more dark brown pigments, had higher levels of condensed tannins. They also had higher total phenolics and flavonoid contents and L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF TANNIN PREPARATIONS ON THE CONTENT AND FORM OF ANTHOCYANINS OF MODEL WINE SYSTEMS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INDUCED OXIDATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
М. Bilko ◽  
М. Ishchenko ◽  
О. Tsyhankova ◽  
Т. Yakovenko ◽  
Т. Кyrpel
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Phenolic Substances

The article considers how oenological tannins effect on the content of anthocyanins, phenolic substances, and their forms that influence the stability of the colour of rosé and red wines. The research material was wine model systems that underwent induced oxidation for a week at a temperature of 45±5 °C with limited access of air. Tannins of different botanical origin were used in the study: hydrolyzable ones – Oaktan FU (oak wood), Tannal W4 (Tara pods), CW Tannal (chestnut wood), and Tannal W2 (gallnuts); and condensed ones – Tannin WG (grape stones), Taniraisin (grape skin), Tannal QW (quebracho wood). The source of anthocyanins was an alcohol extract from the skins of European red grapes. It was obtained by 24 hours long extraction with ethyl alcohol, and with the addition of hydrochloric acid (0.01%). It has been determined that in the course of induced oxidation, the content of phenolic compounds tends to decrease in a wavelike manner in all samples. The anthocyanin content reduces intensively and becomes practically twice as low on the first day of oxidation. The total amount of phenolic compounds becomes 2 to 6 times lower depending on the variant of the experiment. It has been established that condensed tannins of grape origin contribute to the preservation of the total content of phenolic substances (including anthocyanins) in wine, unlike hydrolyzable tannins obtained from other plants. But their application leads to polymerization of anthocyanins, which will result in the appearance of yellow-brown pigments in the red colour of wine. Hydrolyzable tannins obtained from gallnuts and tara trees preserve the red colour of wine for a long time, unlike condensed tannins, due to their antioxidant capacity. Hydrolyzable tannins obtained from tara and quebracho trees will help obtain wine with rich red shades.

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