Self-incompatibility in diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Vaccinium corymbosum

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Vander Kloet ◽  
P. M. Lyrene
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Made In

The results of self-pollinations, sibling pollinations, and cross-pollinations were compared in terms of number of berries produced per 100 pollinated flowers, number of plump seeds per berry, percent seed germination, and time between pollination and fruit ripening. The population studied consisted of 344 Vaccinium corymbosum L. seedlings grown from seeds harvested from native populations at 26 sites extending from Florida to Nova Scotia. Diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid plants were included in the study, but only homoploid crosses were made in order to avoid the confounding effect of the strong heteroploid crossing barriers in V. corymbosum. Self-pollinations resulted in great reductions in all fertility parameters. Sibling pollinations produced far fewer seedlings than cross-pollinations, mainly because the number of plump seeds per berry was reduced from an average of 21 for outcrosses to 13 for sibling crosses. Pollination with 1:1 mixtures of self and outcross pollen reduced plump seed number per berry to 5, compared with 14 for comparable outcrosses. The results were similar at all three ploidy levels. It is concluded that self-compatibility is low in natural populations of V. corymbosum.

scholarly journals S-RNase Alleles Associated With Self-Compatibility in the Tomato Clade: Structure, Origins, and Expression Plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Broz ◽  
Christopher M. Miller ◽  
You Soon Baek ◽  
Alejandro Tovar-Méndez ◽  
Pablo Geovanny Acosta-Quezada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
S Locus ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Barrier Resistance

The self-incompatibility (SI) system in the Solanaceae is comprised of cytotoxic pistil S-RNases which are countered by S-locus F-box (SLF) resistance factors found in pollen. Under this barrier-resistance architecture, mating system transitions from SI to self-compatibility (SC) typically result from loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding pistil SI factors such as S-RNase. However, the nature of these mutations is often not well characterized. Here we use a combination of S-RNase sequence analysis, transcript profiling, protein expression and reproductive phenotyping to better understand different mechanisms that result in loss of S-RNase function. Our analysis focuses on 12 S-RNase alleles identified in SC species and populations across the tomato clade. In six cases, the reason for gene dysfunction due to mutations is evident. The six other alleles potentially encode functional S-RNase proteins but are typically transcriptionally silenced. We identified three S-RNase alleles which are transcriptionally silenced under some conditions but actively expressed in others. In one case, expression of the S-RNase is associated with SI. In another case, S-RNase expression does not lead to SI, but instead confers a reproductive barrier against pollen tubes from other tomato species. In the third case, expression of S-RNase does not affect self, interspecific or inter-population reproductive barriers. Our results indicate that S-RNase expression is more dynamic than previously thought, and that changes in expression can impact different reproductive barriers within or between natural populations.

Variation in sexual and clonal reproduction among introduced populations of flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G Eckert ◽  
Blandine Massonnet ◽  
Julia J Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Clonal Reproduction ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Filled Seeds ◽  
European Populations

Butomus umbellatus L. is an invasive emergent aquatic plant that exhibits wide variation in seed production. Native European populations are fertile and diploid or sterile and triploid. However, adventive North American populations are widely reported to be sexually sterile. We quantified sexual fertility and self-compatibility under greenhouse conditions for nine introduced populations from eastern Ontario, Canada. All populations were highly fertile and self-compatible. Each flower produced an average of 127 ± 7 (mean ± SE) filled seeds and 31.4 ± 0.4% of seeds germinated. This level of fertility is much higher than previously reported, even for fertile native populations. We also quantified the production of seeds, flowers, and inflorescence-borne asexual bulbils in 19 natural populations from eastern Ontario; 17 populations were highly fertile (200 ± 9 seeds/fruit) and 2 produced almost no seeds (0.0-0.3 seeds/fruit), because ovules were either not fertilized or were aborted soon after fertilization. We found no evidence of a trade-off between sexual reproduction and clonal reproduction via bulbils. The wide variation in reproductive strategy observed in these populations raises questions concerning the evolutionary loss of sex in clonal populations, and may have significant implications for the spread and management of this exotic species.Key words: aquatic plants, clonal reproduction, breeding systems, invasive plants, reproductive ecology, sexual sterility.

Dormancy-breaking Studies on Echinacea angustifolia

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 456f-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali O. Sari ◽  
Mario R. Morales ◽  
James E. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Echinacea Angustifolia ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Dry Heating

Echinacea is a medicinal plant native to North America. It was used extensively by native Americans in the treatment of their ailments. It is presently one of the most popular medicinal plants in the United States. Its popularity has created a large market demand for the roots and foliage of the plant. The gathering of echinacea from the wild is leading to the reduction of native populations and the destruction of its genetic diversity. Cultivation of medicinal echinaceas is hindered by a low seed germination. Dormancy breaking studies were done on freshly harvested seeds of Echinacea angustifolia. Seed lots were placed under light at a constant temperature of 25 °C and at alternate temperatures of 25/15 °C for 14/10 h, respectively. Germination was more rapid and uniform and percent germination higher at 25 °C than at 25/15 °C. Seed tap-water soaking, dry heating, and sharp heating alteration did not increase germination. The application of 1.0 mM ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphoric acid) increased seed germination to 94% at 25 °C and 86% at 25/15 °C. Untreated seeds gave 65% germination at 25 °C and 11% at 25/15 °C. The application of 2500 mg·L–1 and 3500 mg·L–1 of GA to dry seeds and 2500 mg·L–1 to seeds that have been soaked under tap water and then dried increased germination to 82%, 83%, and 83% at 25 °C and 64%, 78%, and 64% at 25/15 °C, respectively.

scholarly journals A nonS-locus F-box gene breaks self-incompatibility in diploid potatoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Ma ◽  
Chunzhi Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Fei Tang ◽  
Futing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Diploid Hybrid ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Global Food

AbstractPotato is the third most important staple food crop. To address challenges associated with global food security, a hybrid potato breeding system, aimed at converting potato from a tuber-propagated tetraploid crop into a seed-propagated diploid crop through crossing inbred lines, is under development. However, given that most diploid potatoes are self-incompatible, this represents a major obstacle which needs to be addressed in order to develop inbred lines. Here, we report on a self-compatible diploid potato, RH89-039-16 (RH), which can efficiently induce a mating transition from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility, when crossed to self-incompatible lines. We identify the S-locusinhibitor (Sli) gene in RH, capable of interacting with multiple allelic variants of the pistil-specific S-ribonucleases (S-RNases). Further, Sli gene functions like a general S-RNase inhibitor, to impart SC to RH and other self-incompatible potatoes. Discovery of Sli now offers a path forward for the diploid hybrid breeding program.

scholarly journals Ploidy frequencies in plants with ploidy heterogeneity: fitting a general gametic model to empirical population data

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1751) ◽  
pp. 20122387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Suda ◽  
Tomáš Herben
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Unreduced Gametes ◽  
Unreduced Gamete ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Polyploid Formation

Genome duplication (polyploidy) is a recurrent evolutionary process in plants, often conferring instant reproductive isolation and thus potentially leading to speciation. Outcome of the process is often seen in the field as different cytotypes co-occur in many plant populations. Failure of meiotic reduction during gametogenesis is widely acknowledged to be the main mode of polyploid formation. To get insight into its role in the dynamics of polyploidy generation under natural conditions, and coexistence of several ploidy levels, we developed a general gametic model for diploid–polyploid systems. This model predicts equilibrium ploidy frequencies as functions of several parameters, namely the unreduced gamete proportions and fertilities of higher ploidy plants. We used data on field ploidy frequencies for 39 presumably autopolyploid plant species/populations to infer numerical values of the model parameters (either analytically or using an optimization procedure). With the exception of a few species, the model fit was very high. The estimated proportions of unreduced gametes (median of 0.0089) matched published estimates well. Our results imply that conditions for cytotype coexistence in natural populations are likely to be less restrictive than previously assumed. In addition, rather simple models show sufficiently rich behaviour to explain the prevalence of polyploids among flowering plants.

Cytogenetic studies of leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula, and its allies (Euphorbiaceae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2247-2257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Stahevitch ◽  
C. W. Crompton ◽  
W. A. Wojtas
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Meiotic Abnormalities ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Polymorphic Species ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Euphorbia Cyparissias

Cytological and cytogenetic studies were carried out on populations of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L. s.l.) and its allies primarily from North America but also from Europe. Chromosome numbers were determined for 126 samples of E. esula, 11 of E. cyparissias L., 1 of the hybrid (E. ×pseudoesula Schur) between these two species, and 1 of E. agraria Bieb. All plants of E. esula were hexaploid. Of the total, 125 leafy spurge accessions had a chromosome number of n = 30; 1 of n = 25++. Very few meiotic abnormalities were observed. Euphorbia cyparissias was primarily tetraploid (n = 20), although occasional diploids (n = 10) were encountered. Tetraploids were fertile; diploids were sterile. The hybrid between the two foregoing species had a chromosome number of n = 25, indicating that the E. cyparissias parent was a tetraploid; meiosis in the hybrid was abnormal. Euphorbia agraria was found to have a gametic number of n = 20, which is the first chromosome number determination for this species; meiosis was normal. Artificial crosses were made successfully between 31 accessions of leafy spurge. Seed germination of the F1 progeny slightly exceeded that reported for natural populations, and meiosis was normal. Pollen stability studies were carried out on herbarium material. Stainability was 100% for most of the samples studied. Extensive pollen size polymorphism was found. It is suggested that this phenomenon supports the hypothesis that E. esula is of allopolyploid origin. No cytological or cytogenetic basis was found for considering the leafy spurge accessions examined in this study as other than as a single, albeit somewhat polymorphic, species.

Hemp Dogbane Growth and Control

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laren R. Robison ◽  
Larry S. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Cover Soil ◽  
And Control ◽  
Emergence Response ◽  
Made In

Hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum L.) was investigated relative to seed germination, depth of seedling emergence, response to clipping, influence of soil type and fertility on vegetative growth, and herbicidal control. Seed germination in this study was influenced by light and scarification. Seedling emergence was influenced by the amount of soil cover. Soil type and fertility affected vegetative growth. In a greenhouse clipping study, hemp dogbane became perennial 41 days after emergence and by 65 days was producing more than one shoot per plant following clipping. Hemp dogbane was more completely controlled following September application of herbicide than from application made in June.

scholarly journals Downregulated expression of S2-RNase attenuates self-incompatibility in “Guiyou No. 1” pummelo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbing Hu ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Chenchen Liu ◽  
Binghao Liu ◽  
Chongling Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Spontaneous Mutant ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Self Compatibility

AbstractSelf-incompatibility (SI) substantially restricts the yield and quality of citrus. Therefore, breeding and analyzing self-compatible germplasm is of great theoretical and practical significance for citrus. Here, we focus on the mechanism of a self-compatibility mutation in ‘Guiyou No. 1’ pummelo (Citrus maxima), which is a spontaneous mutant of ‘Shatian’ pummelo (Citrus maxima, self-incompatibility). The rate of fruit set and the growth of pollen tubes in the pistil confirmed that a spontaneous mutation in the pistil is responsible for the self-compatibility of ‘Guiyou No. 1’. Segregation ratios of the S genotype in F1 progeny, expression analysis, and western blotting validated that the reduced levels of S2-RNase mRNA contribute to the loss of SI in ‘Guiyou No. 1’. Furthermore, we report a phased assembly of the ‘Guiyou No. 1’ pummelo genome and obtained two complete and well-annotated S haplotypes. Coupled with an analysis of SV variations, methylation levels, and gene expression, we identified a candidate gene (CgHB40), that may influence the regulation of the S2-RNase promoter. Our data provide evidence that a mutation that affects the pistil led to the loss of SI in ‘Guiyou No. 1’ by influencing a poorly understood mechanism that affects transcriptional regulation. This work significantly advances our understanding of the genetic basis of the SI system in citrus and provides information on the regulation of S-RNase genes.

scholarly journals Genotyping and De Novo Discovery of Allelic Variants at the Brassicaceae Self-Incompatibility Locus from Short-Read Sequencing Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Genete ◽  
Vincent Castric ◽  
Xavier Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
S Alleles

Abstract Plant self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic system that prevents selfing and enforces outcrossing. Because of strong balancing selection, the genes encoding SI are predicted to maintain extraordinarily high levels of polymorphism, both in terms of the number of functionally distinct S-alleles that segregate in SI species and in terms of their nucleotide sequence divergence. However, because of these two combined features, documenting polymorphism of these genes also presents important methodological challenges that have so far largely prevented the comprehensive analysis of complete allelic series in natural populations, and also precluded the obtention of complete genic sequences for many S-alleles. Here, we develop a powerful methodological approach based on a computationally optimized comparison of short Illumina sequencing reads from genomic DNA to a database of known nucleotide sequences of the extracellular domain of SRK (eSRK). By examining mapping patterns along the reference sequences, we obtain highly reliable predictions of S-genotypes from individuals collected from natural populations of Arabidopsis halleri. Furthermore, using a de novo assembly approach of the filtered short reads, we obtain full-length sequences of eSRK even when the initial sequence in the database was only partial, and we discover putative new SRK alleles that were not initially present in the database. When including those new alleles in the reference database, we were able to resolve the complete diploid SI genotypes of all individuals. Beyond the specific case of Brassicaceae S-alleles, our approach can be readily applied to other polymorphic loci, given reference allelic sequences are available.

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