Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. VI. Development of the reproductive structures

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair D. Macdonald ◽  
D. H. Mothersill
Keyword(s):  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Northwestern Ontario

Reproductive buds and developing inflorescences were collected weekly from mature trees during three successive growing seasons in northwestern Ontario. Material was prepared to show all stages of inflorescence and flower development and meiosis. Male inflorescence induction, involving the long-shoot bud apex and one or two proximal axillary apices, occurred in early May, before bud burst. Female induction involved the short-shoot bud apex and occurred in late June – early July. Both male and female partial inflorescences resembled a simple dichasium. The male flower consisted of usually two stamens and two or three tepals variably arranged. Meiosis occurred in late July – early August. Each female flower consisted of two stigmas, two connate tepals that were not noticeable at maturity, and a parietal placenta bearing two unitegmic ovules. Meiosis occurred in mid-June, after pollination in mid-May. It is concluded that developmental data do not help elucidate whether the inferior portion of the gynoecial wall is cauline or appendicular and whether the placenta is derived from axial or carpellary tissue. It is suggested that the trigger(s) evoking male and female inflorescence induction may be different and that the metabolic prerequisites for induction and early development would be supplied by winter-stored material for male development and by current metabolic processes for female development.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. I. Short-shoot organogenesis

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3049-3065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair D. Macdonald ◽  
D. H. Mothersill
Keyword(s):  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Female Inflorescence ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Short Shoots

Buds and developing branches of Betula papyrifera were collected weekly from mature trees during three successive growing seasons. Material was prepared to show stages of bud inception, development, and flushing and female inflorescence inception. Short shoots develop from (i) proximal axillary buds on long shoots (ii) short-shoot terminal buds, or (iii) axillary buds on flowering short shoots. An axillary bud apex forms a terminal bud after bud burst. An axillary bud possesses one outer rudimentary leaf, but all other short-shoot buds have three outer rudimentary leaves. All short-shoot buds possess, in addition, one–three embryonic foliage leaves and, distally, three primordial rudimentary leaves which form the outermost appendages of the succeeding terminal bud. Rudimentary leaf stipules form the cataphylls. Foliage leaf primordia are initiated in May – early June and rudimentary leaves arise in late June – July. If a bud apex is initiated in year n, female inflorescence induction occurs in late June of year n + 1 or any succeeding year. An axillary bud develops on a short shoot as a consequence of flowering; it is initiated concurrently with inflorescence development and its development is completed during flowering and seed maturation. Short- and long-shoot buds can be distinguished, upon dissection, in mid-July when buds are forming. Hence, determination of potential long and short shoots occurs the year before bud burst.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. III. Long-shoot organogenesis

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair D. Macdonald ◽  
D. H. Mothersill ◽  
J. C. Caesar
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Organogenesis ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Male Inflorescence ◽  
Axillant Leaf ◽  
Photosynthetic Potential

Buds and developing branches of Betula papyrifera were collected weekly from mature trees during three successive growing seasons. Material was prepared to show stages of bud inception, development, flushing, shoot expansion, and male inflorescence inception and early development. Stages of bud development were correlated with axillant leaf and subjacent internodal extension. Long-shoot buds develop in the axils of distal late leaves of the previous season's long shoot. The bud contains one rudimentary leaf with prominent stipules, two or three embryonic foliage leaves which flush as early leaves, and about five smaller primordia which expand in the spring as late leaves. Preformed primordia are produced in mid-May through to early August. A pause in the inception sequence occurs in June, corresponding to the period of rapid late-leaf and internodal expansion of axillant leaves and subjacent internodes. Long-shoot bud determination occurs in mid-July. True late leaves may form during shoot extension. Male inflorescence induction, which occurs before bud break, restricts late leaf production and results in the last-formed leaf primordia maturing as transitional leaves instead of foliage leaves. Male induction limits crown expansion by reducing sites for axillary bud formation. This reduces the photosynthetic potential of the shoot.

Differential nectar production between male and female flowers in a wild cucurbit: Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ashworth ◽  
Leonardo Galetto
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nectar Sugar Composition ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

In dioecious and monoecious plants that depend on animal vectors for reproduction, pollinators have to be attracted to male and female flowers for pollination to be effective. In the monoecious Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, male flowers are produced in greater quantity, are spatially more exposed to pollinators and offer pollen in addition to nectar as floral rewards. Nectar traits were compared between male and female flowers to determine any differences in the characteristics of the main reward offered to pollinators. Nectar chemical composition and sugar proportions were similar between flower types. Total nectar sugar production per female flower was threefold higher than per male flower, and nectar removal did not have any effect on total nectar production in both flower morphs. Pollinators reduced nectar standing crops to similar and very scarce amounts in both flower types. Results indicate indirectly that pollinators are consuming more nectar from female flowers, suggesting that the higher nectar production in female flowers may be a reward-based strategy to achieve the high female reproductive output observed in this species.Key words: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, nectar production, nectar sugar composition, removal effects, standing crop.

scholarly journals Inflorescence morphology and development of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
TRI HANDAYANI ◽  
YUZAMMI ◽  
JULISASI TRI HADIAH
Keyword(s):  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Inflorescence Morphology ◽  
Bud Emergence ◽  
Insect Visitors ◽  
Female Flowers ◽  
Flowering Process

Abstract. Hanfayani T, Yuzammi, Hadiah JT. 2020. Inflorescence morphology and development of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Biodiversitas 21: 5835-5844. Inflorescence of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson consists of two main parts: spathe and spadix. Detailed information on its development, however, is not yet available. This study aimed to investigate the development and morphology of suweg’s inflorescence, to reveal the anthesis of male and female flowers, and to observe its insect visitors. The study observed 46 inflorescences, ten of which were measured for detailed developments. Inflorescences were observed from bud emergence to withering during one flowering cycle. The results showed that the flowering process included six phases which altogether required 22 to 36 days, namely the developments of inflorescence bud, cataphyll, spathe and spadix, appendix, fully bloomed inflorescence, and flowers anthesis. The inflorescence height including peduncle was 48–75 cm, spathe 19–50 cm long, spathe circle 65–176 cm, appendix 13–33 cm long, and appendix circle 45–80 cm. Three appendix forms were observed: ovate (43.48%), triangular conic (41.30%), and rounded (15.22%). Female flower anthesis occurred one day prior to male flower anthesis. Insect visitors found during anthesis were Lucilia sericata (Calliphoridae), Sarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagidae), and Trigona speciosa (Apidae).

scholarly journals Endogenous growth regulators in embryonic shoots of Scots pine at the time of male and female flower primordia initiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
J. Kopcewicz ◽  
Z. Zatorska ◽  
H. Kulikowska ◽  
T. Szcześniak
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Flower Primordia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Level

The initiation of Scots pine male flower primordia is connected with a high content of gibberellins and a low level of auxins, whereas the initiation of female flower primordia is correlated with a high content of auxins and a low level of gibberellins. There is lack of direct correlation between the content of cytokinins or abscisic acid and flower sex differentation.

scholarly journals Detecting the Candidate Gender Determinants by Bioinformatic Prediction of miRNAs and Their Targets from Transcriptome Sequences of the Male and Female Flowers in Salix suchowensis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Suyun Wei ◽  
Ning Ye ◽  
Tongming Yin
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Sequence Tags ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sequence Complementarity ◽  
Expressed Sequence ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of small, noncoding, and endogenous single-stranded RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Potential miRNAs can be identified based on sequence homology since miRNAs are highly conserved in plants. In this study, we aligned the expressed sequence tags derived from flower buds of male and female S. suchowensis to miRNAs in the miRBase, which enable us to identify 34 potential miRNAs from flower buds of the alternate sexes. Among them, 11 were from the female and 23 were from the male. Analyzing sequence complementarity led to identification of 124 and 55 miRNA targets in the male and female flower buds, respectively. By mapping the target genes of the predicted miRNAs to the sequence assemblies of S. suchowensis, a miR156 mediated gene was detected at the gender locus of willow, which was a transcription factor involved in flower development. It is noteworthy that this target is not expressed in male flower, while it is expressed fairly highly in female flower based on the transcriptome data derived from the alternate sexes of willows. This study provides new bioinformatic clue for further exploring the genetic mechanism underlying gender determination in willows.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. V. Effect of male inflorescence formation and flowering on long shoot development

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1708-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cartey Caesar ◽  
Alastair D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

One-year-old vegetative and reproductive long shoots of Betula papyrifera Marsh, were collected from 40-year-old trees when leaves were fully expanded. Leaf areas were significantly reduced on shoots bearing developing male inflorescences; late leaves were affected most. Late leaves were thinner than early leaves on vegetative shoots and thinnest on reproductive shoots. The effect of developing male inflorescences was most pronounced on the specific leaf area of early leaves, suggesting that inflorescences are strong sinks for assimilates being exported by early leaves. Two-year-old vegetative and reproductive branches were collected just after bud burst to determine mean bud dry weight. These values were highest for buds on vegetative long shoots, lower for buds on reproductive long shoots, and lowest for buds on reproductive long shoots bearing female short-shoot buds. Formation of male inflorescences reduced the growth potential of buds. Female short-shoot buds on reproductive long shoots and pseudoterminal buds positioned below male inflorescences exhibited reduced growth potentials. Mean total early leaf areas measured 3 weeks after flushing showed similar trends. Thus, development and flowering of male inflorescences lowered the growth potential and vigour of axillary buds and reduced canopy expansion.

The effects of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set and yield of Medjhol date palm

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoul Amir Rahnama ◽  
Esmaeil Rahkhodaei
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Female Flowers

Date palm is unisexual, being either male or female. Male and female flowers grow on buds called Spathe, which opens naturally when fully mature. It is easy to identify the male and female flowers. Under the method of manual pollination, pollen from a male flower is smeared over female flowers. The pollen variety and pollination time have important effects on date palm fruit set, yield and quality. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set, growth and development of Medjhol date palm variety, in date palm garden of date palm and tropical fruit research institute of Iran during three years from 2009 to 2011. The trail was randomized complete block design in factorial manner with three pollen variety as Ghaname, Vardy, and Samesmave, two pollination time as 1-3 days before or after spathe opening and four replication. The results showed that the Vardy pollen had significant effects and increased the fertility percent and fruit yield, rather than two other pollen varieties. The pollen variety had no significant effects on fruit quality as total sugar, acidity, and bricx. The pollination time before spathe opening significantly increased fertility percent, decreased fruit weight and date palm yield. Finally the pollen variety and pollination time interaction effects showed that, application of Vardy pollen from 1-3 days after spathe opening with the most production date palm yield, equal 19.9 kilogram per any date palm trees, so this treatment is the best and are recommended.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Watermelon Plants Grown with Mulches and Rowcovers

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
J. LaMar Anderson ◽  
Alvin R. Hamson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Area Index

`Crimson Sweet' watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] plants were grown with various mulches and rowcovers and analyzed for relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI), and crop growth rate (CGR). Spunbonded polyester fabric (SB-PF) and perforated polyethylene film (PCP) rowcovers generally showed greater mean RGR, SLA and CGR than spunbonded polypropylene polyamide net (SB-PP), black plus clear combination plastic mulch and black plastic mulch alone. Plants on mulches and under rowcovers showed significant increases in RGR, NAR, and SLA over plants grown in bare soil. Carbon dioxide concentration inside the transplanting mulch holes was nearly twice the ambient CO, concentration. Growth analysis of sampled watermelon plants during early stages of development under various treatments was predictive of crop yield. Plants under SB-PF and PCP rowcovers produced the earliest fruit and the greatest total yield. An asymmetrical curvilinear model for watermelon growth and development based on cardinal temperatures was developed. The model uses hourly averaged temperatures to predict growth and phenological development of `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants grown with and without rowcovers. Early vegetative growth correlated well with accumulated heat units. Results indicate a consistent heat unit requirement for the `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants to reach first male flower, first female flower and first harvest in uncovered plants and plants under rowcovers. Greater variability was observed in predicting date of first harvest than first bloom.

Birch foliar responses to simulated acidic fog and Septoria betulae inoculations

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-400
Author(s):  
K B Kouterick ◽  
J M Skelly ◽  
S P Pennypacker ◽  
R M Cox
Keyword(s):  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Foliar Senescence ◽  
Symptomatic Leaf ◽  
Acidic Fog ◽  
Ph Level

The effects of simulated acidic fog and inoculation with Septoria betulae Pass. on foliar symptom development and foliar senescence of Betula papyrifera Marsh. and Betula cordifolia Regel seedlings were investigated in 1997 and 1998 under greenhouse conditions. An interactive role may exist between acidic fog events and S. betulae in causing birch foliar browning, a disease reported over the past decade to occur on mature trees growing adjacent to the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Seedlings received applications of simulated fog adjusted to pH 3.2, 4.2, and 5.6 or a no-fog treatment. Inoculation treatments at each fog pH level were accomplished through spray atomization with S. betulae conidial suspensions and by placing naturally infected birch leaves bearing pycnidia of the fungus on plastic nets suspended above seedlings in enclosed chambers. Percent symptomatic leaf area of seedlings inoculated with S. betulae was nearly double that recorded for non-inoculated seedlings. Foliar browning resembled symptoms observed on mature trees in the field. Foliar symptoms were observed on non-inoculated seedlings, with greater severities associated with seedlings exposed to the most acidic fog treatment. Leaf senescence was also greatest for spray-inoculated leaves that had been exposed to the pH 3.2 fog treatment. Pycnidial development was not influenced by the pH of the fog treatments but was greater in all fog treatments than in no-fog treatments. Although both acidic fog and S. betulae infection are able to cause symptoms independently, the data suggest that an interactive role may exist in causing birch foliar browning. However, to obtain the same severity of foliar browning as observed on natural forest-grown trees in the Bay of Fundy region, S. betulae must be present.

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