Influence of cellular metabolites on RNA and protein syntheses by Xanthium nuclei of different developmental phases

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2922-2927
Author(s):  
A. Jana ◽  
S. P. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Reproductive Tissues ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Vegetative Leaf

Leaf nuclei of vegetative and reproductive plants of Xanthium strumarium L. were incubated with the postribosomal supernatant of either phase and changes at the transcriptional level were studied in homologous and heterologous combinations. In the presence of the supernatant of reproductive plants, RNA synthesis by vegetative nuclei was decreased by 25%. Reproductive nuclei were less active in RNA synthesis. Gel electrophoretic studies revealed four RNA bands in vegetative nuclei incubated with reproductive supernatant, including a fast-moving low molecular weight band that could not be detected when the "vegetative" supernatant was used. The adenine/uracil ratios of the newly synthesized RNA of vegetative nuclei treated with vegetative and reproductive supernatants were 1.46 and 1.54, respectively, compared with 1.15 and 1.04 in the reproductive nuclei. Competitive DNA–RNA hybridization experiments indicated that about 2% of the [3H]RNA synthesized by nuclei of vegetative plants in the presence of the supernatant of reproductive plants could not be beaten out by the RNA of vegetative plants. Small quantitative differences, thus, may be expected in the RNA molecules synthesized by nuclei in the presence of the supernatant fraction of vegetative and reproductive plants. The supernatant fraction of the reproductive tissues decreased the incorporation of [3H]alanine and [3H]leucine in both the buffer-soluble and acid-soluble proteins and the nuclei of vegetative plants were more active in protein synthesis. Protein patterns as studied by acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed alterations when vegetative leaf nuclei were incubated with the supernatant of reproductive tissues.

Inhibition of cell division in amoebae: the incorporation of tritiated precursors into Amoeba proteus after the injection of non-homologous cytoplasm

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-537
Author(s):  
J.M. Cameron ◽  
S.E. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Amoeba Proteus ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Inhibitory Molecules

The injection of non-homologous cytoplasm into any strain of large free-living amoebae leads to a 60% inhibition of division amongst recipient cells. When the post-microsomal supernatant fraction of Amoeba discoides was injected into A. proteus, this inhibition of division was as high as 95%. The incorporation of tritiated precursors, either [3H]uridine or 3H-amino acids, into these inhibited amoebae was studied at various times after the injection of the inhibitory material using autoradiography. When cells were grown in [3H]uridine, autoradiographs indicated that RNA synthesis had ceased 2 days after the injection of non-homologous material. However, if [3H]uridine was injected into the inhibited cells, some synthesis of RNA could be detected up to 4 days after the injection of inhibitor. These results suggested that uptake of [3H]uridine was impaired and that one site of action of the inhibitory molecules was RNA synthesis for membrane components. Experiments with a variety of 3H-amino acids suggested that protein synthesis continued for at least 9 days after the injection of non-homologous cytoplasm, and that in these cells some informational RNA molecules were long-lived. There seemed to be accumulation of material containing [3H]lysine in the nuclei of control cells taken at random from cultures, and this was seen in the nuclei of inhibited cells 1 day after injection. However, 2 days after the injection of inhibitor, no accumulation of [3H]lysine-containing material was found in the nuclei.

scholarly journals MiR-29a: a potential therapeutic target and promising biomarker in tumors

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-yan Wang ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Dan-dan Wang ◽  
Wei Yan ◽  
Huan-huan Sha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

MiRNAs, small non-coding RNA molecules, were recognized to be associated with the incidence and development of diverse neoplasms. MiRNAs were small non-coding RNAs that could regulate post-transcriptional level by binding to 3′-UTR of target mRNAs. Amongst which, miR-29a was demonstrated that it had significant impact on oncogenicity in various neoplasms through binding to critical genes which enhanced or inhibited the progression of cancers. MiR-29a participated in kinds of physiological and pathological processes, including virus replication, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, metastasis, drug-resistance, and so on. According to its sufficient sensitivity and specificity, many studies showed that miR-29a might serve as a potential therapeutic target and promising biomarker in various tumors. In this review, we discussed the functions of miR-29a and its potential application in the diagnosis, treatment and stages of carcinoma, which could provide additional insight to develop a novel therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals Human microRNAs in host–parasite interaction: a review

3 Biotech ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay Paul ◽  
Luis M. Ruiz-Manriquez ◽  
Francisco I. Serrano-Cano ◽  
Carolina Estrada-Meza ◽  
Karla A. Solorio-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host−parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.

THE UPTAKE OF TESTOSTERONE AND ZINC IN VITRO BY THE HUMAN BENIGN HYPERTROPHIC PROSTATE

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. JOAN REED ◽  
S. R. STITCH
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Zinc Binding ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Molecular Weight Peak ◽  
Steroid Binding

SUMMARY The uptake of 65Zn and [1,2-3H]testosterone by minced tissue of human benign hypertrophic prostates and the subcellular distribution of radioactivity were examined. The nature of steroid and 65Zn binding by the cytosol (105000 g supernatant) fraction was investigated by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis. It was found that steroid binding after incubation at 4°C was specific. One or two regions of steroid binding were observed after gel filtration of the cytosol using Sephadex G-200, depending upon incubation conditions. Binding of 65Zn was found in the low molecular weight peak after G-200 gel filtration. Equimolar CdCl2 and 65ZnCl2 were incubated with [1,2-3H]testosterone and minced tissue and the cytosol was subjected to gel filtration. Compared with control values, without CdCl2, reduction of 65Zn binding by about 50% occurred, while binding of 3H-labelled steroid was unaffected. Electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography showed that 65Zn and 3H-labelled steroid were bound to different proteins. A sample of the zinc-binding protein was prepared by ion-exchange chromatography and the homogeneity was checked by electrophoresis.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Atherosclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Churov ◽  
Volha Summerhill ◽  
Andrey Grechko ◽  
Varvara Orekhova ◽  
Alexander Orekhov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease that, despite advances in lifestyle management and drug therapy, remains to be the major cause of high morbidity and mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in industrialized countries. Therefore, there is a great need in reliable diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and effective treatment alternatives to reduce its burden. It was established that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), a class of non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules, can regulate the expression of genes at the post-transcriptional level and, accordingly, coordinate the cellular protein expression. Thus, they are involved not only in cell-specific physiological functions but also in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human pathologies, including atherosclerosis. MiRNAs may be significant in the dysregulation that affects endothelial integrity, the function of vascular smooth muscle and inflammatory cells, and cellular cholesterol homeostasis that drives the initiation and growth of an atherosclerotic plaque. Besides, distinct expression patterns of several miRNAs are attributed to atherosclerotic and cardiovascular patients. In this article, the evidence indicating the multiple critical roles of miRNAs and their relevant molecular mechanisms related to atherosclerosis development and progression was reviewed. Moreover, the effects of miRNAs on atherosclerosis enabled to exploit them as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets that may lead to better management of atherosclerosis and CVDs.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Uteroplacental Vascular Dysfunction

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas

Pregnancy complications of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are major causes of maternal and perinatal/neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although their etiologies remain elusive, it is generally accepted that they are secondary to placental insufficiency conferred by both failure in spiral artery remodeling and uteroplacental vascular malfunction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small no-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs participate in virtually all biological processes and are involved in numerous human diseases. Differentially expressed miRNAs in the placenta are typical features of both preeclampsia and IUGR. Dysregulated miRNAs target genes of various signaling pathways in uteroplacental tissues, contributing to the development of both complications. In this review, we provide an overview of how aberrant miRNA expression in preeclampsia and IUGR impacts the expression of genes involved in trophoblast invasion and uteroplacental vascular adaptation.

Divalent cation-activated RNA synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 511-518
Author(s):  
William B. Helfman ◽  
Sheldon S. Hendler ◽  
Douglas W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Divalent Cation ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Strict Requirement

Novel RNA polymerase activities (termed type II reaction) can be found in toluene-treated Escherichia coli with Ca2+, Fe2+, or endogenously bound cations, probably Mg2+. These activities are distinguishable from the well characterized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (type I reaction) by: (i) their divalent cation requirements, i.e., the classical enzyme is activated by exogenously added Mn2+, Mg2+, or Co2+ ions; (ii) their relative resistance to inhibition by actinomycin D, rifampicin, and streptolydigin; (iii) their selective synthesis of low molecular weight RNA; (iv) their sensitivity to inhibition by arabinonucleoside 5′-triphosphates or deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates; and (v) the strict requirement for ATP in Ca2+ and bound cation-activated reactions. The Ca2+-activated and endogenous RNA polymerase activities are inhibited by orthophosphate. The properties of the type II RNA polymerase(s) are compared with those of polynucleotide phosphorylase, the dnaG gene product, and the RNA polymerase described by Ohasa and Tsugita.

scholarly journals RNA synthesis in the ultrastructural and biochemical components of the nucleolus of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

1975 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Royal ◽  
R Simard
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Hamster Ovary ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Ovary Cells ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Rapid Labeling ◽  
Fibrillar Region

A correlated autoradiographic and biochemical study of RNA synthesis in the nucleoli of chinese hamster ovary cells has been made. Quantitative analysis of the labeling indicates that the fibrillar ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component is labeled faster than 80S RNP and 45S RNA molecules, but approaches simultaneously a steady-state 3H to 14C ratio or grains/mum2 after 30 min of [3H]uridine incorporation. On the other hand, the 55S RNP, the 36S + 32S RNA, and the granular RNP components have the same kinetic of labeling with [3H]uridine. These results suggest that the fibrillar and granular RNP components of the nucleolus are the ultrastructural substratum of, respectively, the 80S RNP (45S RNA) and 55S RNP (36S + 32S RNA). The possibility that precursors to 80S RNP exist also in the fibrillar region of the nucleolus is strongly suggested by the rapid labeling of the fibrils on the autoradiographs.

scholarly journals Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine and the Use of miRNAs to Regulate the Cell

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
The Past ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Non Coding Rna

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a type of non-coding RNA molecules that regulate the gene expression in a negative way, by downregulating the gene expression mainly at the post-transcriptional level, either by the mRNA degradation process or the inhibition of the translation. The role that many miRNAs play in the pathogenesis of several diseases is well known, such as in the inflammation process, in several steps of the oncogenesis or the metabolism of several virus and bacteria among many others. One of the main limitations in the therapeutic use of miRNAs is the ability to reach the target, as well as doing so without causing any collateral damage. One microRNA can indeed regulate up to 200 target-genes, and one gene can be influenced by a lot of different microRNAs. This is the purpose of the Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine: to achieve the cell without harm, use all the molecular resources available, especially epigenetic with the microRNAs, and to restore the cell homeostasis. The Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine only seeks to play a regulatory biomimetic role, to give the cell the needed information for its own right regulation. Our experience in cell regulation for the past few years has shown the way to fight, for instance, against the deleterious effects of viruses or bacteria in the lymphocytes, also at the background of many autoimmune or allergic diseases, as well as to regulate many other pathological processes. To fulfil this purpose, nanobiotechnology is used to reach the targets; we thus introduce very low doses of miRNAs in nano compounds with the aim to promote the regulation of the main signalling pathways disturbed in a given pathology.

scholarly journals MIRNA 146 AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH AUTOIMMUNE DSEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 676-682
Author(s):  
Zeinab A. Hassan ◽  
◽  
Ibrahim. A. Emara ◽  
Sara A. Badawi ◽  
Ahmed M.A. Akabawy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Autoimmune Inflammation ◽  
Immune Imbalance

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through base-pairing predominantly with a 3-untranslated region of target mRNA, followed by mRNA degradation or translational repression. Totally, miRNAs change, through a complex regulatory network, the expression of more than 60% of human genes. MiRNAs are key regulators of the immune response that affect maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells, as well as antibody secretion and release of inflammatory mediators. In this review, we generally discuss miRNAs, its types and its role in the regulation of the immune system and the autoimmune inflammatory process, focusing on the participation of miRNA-146 in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), Rhumatoid arthritis and Type-I diabetes mellitus. Disruption of this regulation may lead to the development of various pathological conditions, including autoimmune inflammation. Special attention is given to the role of miRNA-146 in the autoimmune inflammation in multiple sclerosis, Rhumatoid arthritis and Type-I diabetes mellitus. This study concluded that, dysregulation of miR-146 and its target genes was one of the main causes for many autoimmune diseases our findings indicate a significant association of decreased miR-146 expression and the sustained immune imbalance in multiple sclerosis, Rhumatoid arthritis and Type-I diabetes mellitus.

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