Effect of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus on the survival and growth of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 950-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Sylvia
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Cornus Florida ◽  
P Nutrition ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Mycorrhizal development and growth of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) seedlings were investigated in a field nursery and glasshouse. Seedlings and associated soil were collected from April to November from a fumigated nursery bed that contained areas of both stunted and rapidly growing plants. The rate of mycorrhizal colonization and associated spore formation were greater on the rapidly growing seedlings. In a glasshouse test, dogwood seedlings were inoculated with chlamydospores of Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices, or a control solution which contained microorganisms associated with the mycorrhizal fungi, and were fertilized weekly with Hoagland's solutions which had 0, 47, or 93 mg P∙L−1. After 12 weeks, seedlings inoculated with G. etunicatum had greater survival, shoot dry mass, and root fresh mass than seedlings inoculated with G. intraradices or the control. However, G. etunicatum did not affect the concentration or total uptake of P into shoots. This fungus can apparently enhance the survival and growth of dogwood seedlings without improving P nutrition.

Development of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in a young sweetgum plantation

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul P. Kormanik
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
Crown Closure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Sweetgum seedlings with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by Glomusetunicatum or Glomusdeserticola in nursery soil with 30 ppm available phosphorus (P) and nonmycorrhizal seedlings grown in nursery soil with 800 ppm available P were outplanted and whole trees were excavated periodically over the next 5 years in the plantation to follow mycorrhizal development. Four months after outplanting, roots of all initially nonmycorrhizal seedlings had formed vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae and the degree of root colonization was comparable to that of initially vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal seedlings. New feeder roots did not develop on seedlings of any treatment until almost 5 months after planting. By the end of the first growing season and for the remainder of the study, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae development was approximately the same on all seedlings. The proportion of feeder roots colonized by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stabilized at 65 to 70%; approximately 56% of the cortical tissues of all feeder roots were colonized with arbuscles, vesicles, and hyphae. Periodic assays of the soil in the plantation showed that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores gradually declined from an initial high of 3600 spores to 620 spores per 100-cm3 soil sample after 5 years. This decline was probably caused by crown closure of the sweetgum trees which gradually suppressed understory vegetation.

Influence of phosphorus nutrition and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rae Trimble ◽  
N. Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
P Nutrition ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Fruit Abortion ◽  
Leaf P

This study determined whether beneficial effects obtained with infection by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi during early growth of cucumber are maintained through to maturity. Greenhouse cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. 'Corona' and 'Carmen') were grown in VAM-inoculated (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith) or noninoculated autclaved sandy soil with supplemental phosphorus (P) ranging from 90 to 720 mg P plant−1 wk−1. These P treatments resulted in leaf P levels that spanned the range from deficient to sufficient, based on published data for mature cucumber plants. Leaf and mainstem development, number of fruit per plant, and harvest index were enhanced by increasing P levels in all studies. Low levels of P nutrition resulted in deficiency symptoms that were well correlated with deficient concentrations of leaf P. Mature plants maintained a relatively high level of infection by G. intraradices at low and moderate levels of P nutrition; however, depending on the cultivar, VAM infection either had no effect, or slightly depressed leaf and stem growth. The VAM infection stimulated earlier flowering and fruit production, but a longer fruit abortion period precluded increases in final fruit yield. The reduced shoot development and longer interval of fruit abortion characteristic for VAM-infected plants may be due to increased stress imposed by the collective sink requirements of the fungus and developing fruit. Key words:Cucumis sativus L., growth, phosphorus, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, yield

scholarly journals Colonization and Growth Effects of the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradicies in a Commercial Nursery Container Production System

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
F.T. Davies ◽  
J.A. Saraiva Grossi ◽  
L. Carpio ◽  
A.A. Estrada-Luna
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
Container Production

Abstract The objectives of this research were to demonstrate that mycorrhiza can survive in a commercial nursery container production system, and enhance plant productivity. Four species were used as host plants [Nandina domestica ‘Moon Bay’, Loropetalum chinense variety Rubrum ‘Hinepurpleleaf’ Plumb delight®, Salvia gregii, and Photinia fraseri]. Plants were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus intraradices, and grown in a commercial nursery in Texas. For the first 5.5 months, plants were grown in #1 cans containing either 3 kg cu m (5 lbs cu yd) or 4.2 kg cu m (7 lbs cu yd) 24N–4P205–8K20. For the final 6.5 months of the study, plants were in larger containers, all of which contained 4.2 kg cu m (7 lbs cu yd) 24N–4P2O5–8K2O. The commercial inoculum of Glomus intraradices only enhanced growth of N. domestica. The shoot dry mass of mycorrhizal N. domestica plants at 3 kg cu m was the same as non-colonized plants at the higher fertility level of 4.2 cu m. Intraradical hyphae development and colonization (total arbuscules, vesicles/endospores, hyphae) of L. chinense, N. domestica, and S. gregii increased at the higher fertility levels. S. gregii had the greatest mycorrhizal development and a 216% increase in hyphae development and colonization at the higher fertility level.

The influence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae on biomass production in willow

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg F. Backhaus ◽  
Per Häggblom ◽  
Lars Owe Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Available Nutrients ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Fertilizer Solution

Cuttings of Salixdasyclados and Salixdaphnoides were grown in clay, peat, or sand under greenhouse conditions and inoculated with endomycorrhizal roots. Uninoculated cuttings in the same substrates served as controls. All plants were fertilized with a commercial fertilizer solution. Shoot dry mass and colonization by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were measured during the experiment. At the end of the experiment growth of inoculated plants was significantly enhanced in peat (p < 0.001) and sand (p < 0.01), while in clay, no effect of inoculation on growth was found. In peat and sand increased growth of plants could be correlated with frequency of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. No significant differences in concentrations of P or N in leaves and stems were noted between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants at the end of the experiment. It is concluded that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae stimulate growth of willow under greenhouse conditions despite application of easily available nutrients.

Effects of different vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Fraxinusamericana

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Furlan ◽  
J. André Fortin ◽  
Christian Plenchette
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glomus Sp

White ash seedlings (Fraxinusamericana L.) were inoculated with five species of endomycorrhizal fungi. On the 2nd week after transplantation, growth of inoculated plants differed from control plants. Growth also differed between each fungal species used, but the difference decreased after 82 days of culture. Only dry mass remained higher in plants inoculated with Glomusepigaeum Daniels & Trappe, Glomus sp. No. 3, and Glomusmonosporum Gerd. & Trappe. A significant growth enhancement was obtained even with a low level of root colonization.

Influence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus on growth, carbohydrate partitioning and mineral nutrition of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants during establishment

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rae Trimble ◽  
N. Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
P Nutrition ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Greenhouse Cucumber

The growth response of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to infection by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and to 4, 12 and 20 mg L−1 of phosphorus (P) nutrition was characterized over 38 d of plant establishment. Although maximum growth rates were not reached with the P levels studied, foliar concentrations of P were consistent with those published for healthy cucumber plants. Plants were highly receptive to colonization by Glomus mosseae, G. dimorphicum and G. intraradices. Infection by all species decreased as P nutrition increased; however, growth rates of primary yield components (e.g., stem and leaf dry weights, leaf area) of VAM-infected plants were greater than those of noninfected plants at all levels of P nutrition. The VAM-enhanced growth was similar to that induced by increases in P nutrition. The VAM-infected plants had lower concentrations of soluble nitrogen (N) than noninfected plants early in development; however, N concentrations were equal by 38 d after planting. Total soluble carbohydrate concentration of leaves of noninfected plants increased 62% faster than that of leaves of VAM-infected plants, possibly due to decreased export and a higher degree of P stress in the non-infected plants. Relative to noninfected plants, higher concentration of soluble carbohydrates in roots of VAM-infected plants may indicate increased sink demand to support the symbiosis. Since VAM stimulated growth at levels of P nutrition considered nondeficient by tissue analysis, use of VAM to accelerate the early development of transplants may be advantageous to the greenhouse industry. Key words:Cucumis sativus L., phosphorus, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, mineral nutrition

Reduction of the available phosphorus pool in field soils growing maize genotypes with extensive mycorrhizal development

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liu ◽  
C. Hamel ◽  
A. A. Elmi ◽  
T. Zhang ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Available P ◽  
Extraradical Hyphae ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a large enhancing effect on the P uptake capacity of host plants, which could make possible the production of high crop yields on soil with reduced level of available P, or could help reduce the P level in rich soils, thereby reducing the risk of P loss to the environment. A field experiment was conducted in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, on a loamy sand in 1997 and a fine sandy loam in 1998 to assess the impact of indigenous AMF-maize hybrid combinations on soil available P level. The experiment had three factors organized in a split-split plot design. There were two soil fumigation levels (fumigated and non-fumigated) randomized in the main plots, three P fertilizer rates (0, 60, and 120 kg ha-1) randomized in the sub-plots and three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with contrasting genotypes [two newly developed leafy hybrids, Leafy normal stature (LNS) and Leafy reduced stature (LRS), and a commercial hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)], which were randomized in the sub-sub-plots. Soil extractable P, plant P content, plant dry mass, root colonization with AMF and extraradical hyphae were determined at the 6-leaf, 10-leaf, tasselling and silking stages of maize, and grain yield and total P in maize were determined at harvest. Soil fumigation to reduce AMF and P fertilization reduced the amount of indigenous mycorrhizal development in maize hybrids. The growth of LNS, the most mycorrhizae-dependent hybrid, was more supressed by fumigation than the growth of the other two hybrids. When the soil P level was low, plant dry mass, grain yield and total P content of LNS were higher in the non-fumigated plots than in the fumigated plots. Fumigation had a significant but smaller influence on soil extractable P level than on plant P uptake and growth. Soil extractable P was lower in non-fumigated plots than in fumigated plots from silking to the end of the growing season in 1997, only in non-fertilized plots growing LNS. Extraradical hyphae density was positively correlated with maize P uptake and negatively correlated with soil extractable P. This suggested that soil extractable P can be reduced through AMF-enhanced plant P uptake when soil available P conditions and host plant genotype are favourable to mycorrhizal development, and when P uptake enhancement is large. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, maize hybrids, soil extractable P, P uptake, extraradical hyphae, root colonization, mycorrhizal dependency

Occurrence of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Alberta, Canada

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Boyetchko ◽  
J. P. Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Glomus Aggregatum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Spore Walls ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Three V A mycorrhizal fungal species were isolated from soils in Alberta, Canada and examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Mature spores of Glomus aggregatum developed an outer hyaline wall which contained lower levels of calcium than the middle wall. Examination of G. pansihalos spores revealed a lower level of calcium in the outer evanescent wall as compared to the ornamented wall. When spores of Entrophospora infrequens were examined, the wall of the vesicle was found to contain similar levels of calcium as the ornamented wall of the spore. The significance of the results concerning the presence of calcium in mycorrhizal spore walls is discussed, as is the occurrence of the mycorrhizal species.

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