Comparison of ectomycorrhizal–basidiomycete communities in red spruce versus northern hardwood forests of West Virginia

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Bills ◽  
G. I. Holtzman ◽  
O. K. Miller Jr.
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Species Area

Sporocarps of Basidiomycetes belonging to families containing some species known to form ectomycorrhizae were enumerated in 12 plots (16 × 16 m) subdivided into contiguous 2 × 2 m quadrats during the growing seasons of 1981 – 1983. Plots were distributed equally between homogeneous second-growth red spruce stands and heterogeneous northern hardwood stands in southeastern West Virginia. A few major species accounted for most of the abundance, while most species fruited rarely, but abundance and phenology varied broadly from year to year, apparently in response to rainfall and temperature. Fungal species composition, spatial frequency, and sporocarp density in the two forest types differed as would be expected in light of the symbiotic nature of the fungi and trees considered. Of 54 fungal species encountered over 3 years, 19 occurred exclusively in spruce plots, 27 occurred exclusively in hardwood plots, and 8 occurred in both forest types. In both forest types, approximately 40% of the species were Russulaceae. Species frequency and sporocarp abundance were greater in spruce plots than in hardwood plots. The Shannon–Wiener index, the dominance–diversity curve, the species–area curve, and ordination confirmed that fungal species richness, equitability, and diversity were greater in the mixed-hardwood plots, which hosted many rare fungal species, than in the single-species coniferous plots, which were dominated by a few ubiquitous fungal species.

Canopy gap dynamics of second-growth red spruce-northern hardwood stands in West Virginia

2010 ◽  
Vol 260 (10) ◽  
pp. 1921-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Rentch ◽  
Thomas M. Schuler ◽  
Gregory J. Nowacki ◽  
Nathan R. Beane ◽  
W. Mark Ford
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Canopy Gap ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Gap Dynamics ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Second Growth

Ambient cloud deposition reduces cold tolerance of red spruce seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1292-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. DeHayes ◽  
F. C. Thornton ◽  
C. E. Waite ◽  
M. A. Ingle
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Field Plots

Laboratory cold-tolerance assessments were conducted between September 1989 and March 1990 on red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings exposed to combinations of ozone (O3) and cloud water for two growing seasons on the summit of Whitetop Mountain, Virginia. Chamber treatments consisted of exposure to (i) ambient O3 and cloud water, (ii) ambient O3 and no cloud water, or (iii) reduced O3 and no cloud water. Ambient-air field plots were included to assess possible chamber effects. Red spruce seedlings exposed to ambient O3 and cloud water, either in chambers or field plots, were generally least cold tolerant, and differences were significant in October, November, December, and January. During 3 of those months, seedlings exposed to ambient O3 and cloud water in chambers were significantly less cold tolerant than either seedlings exposed to reduced O3 and no cloud water or seedlings exposed to ambient O3 only. There were no definitive effects of O3 in any month. The reduction in cold tolerance of seedlings exposed to O3 and cloud water appeared to result from the negative influences of acidic cloud deposition, rather than O3. This is the first conclusive evidence that ambient cloud deposition can impair the development of cold tolerance and maximum cold tolerance achieved in midwinter for red spruce growing in its native habitat. The 3 to 5 °C reduction in cold tolerance associated with exposure to ambient cloud water in this study may be sufficient to explain the winter injury observed frequently in northern montane red spruce stands over the past 4 decades.

scholarly journals Imitated Whole Tree Harvesting Show Negligible Effect on Economic Value of Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Iveta Desaine ◽  
Annija Kārkliņa ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Anna Pastare ◽  
Andis Adamovičs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

The increased removal of forest-derived biomass with whole-tree harvesting (WTH) has raised concerns about the long-term productivity and sustainability of forest ecosystems. If true, this effect needs to be factored in the assessment of long-term feasibility to implement such a drastic forest management measure. Therefore, the economic performance of five experimental plantations in three different forest types, where in 1971 simulated WTH event occurred, was compared with pure, planted and conventionally managed (CH) Norway spruce stands of similar age and growing conditions. Potential incomes of CH and WTH stands were based on timber prices for period 2014–2020. However, regarding the economics of root and stump biomass utilization, they were not included in the estimates. In any given price level, the difference of internal rate of return between the forest types and selected managements were from 2.5% to 6.2%. Therefore, Norway spruce stands demonstrate good potential of independence regardless of stump removal at the previous rotation.

Red spruce seedling gas exchange in response to elevated CO2, water stress, and soil fertility treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Samuelson ◽  
J.R. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Growing Seasons

The interactive influences of ambient (374 μL•L−1) or elevated (713 μL•L−1) CO2, low or high soil fertility, well-watered or water-stressed treatment, and rooting volume on gas exchange and growth were examined in red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) grown from seed through two growing seasons. Leaf gas exchange throughout two growing seasons and growth after two growing seasons in response to elevated CO2 were independent of soil fertility and water-stress treatments, and rooting volume. During the first growing season, no reduction in leaf photosynthesis of seedlings grown in elevated CO2 compared with seedlings grown in ambient CO2 was observed when measured at the same CO2 concentration. During the second growing season, net photosynthesis was up to 21% lower for elevated CO2-grown seedlings than for ambient CO2-grown seedlings when measured at 358 μL•L−1. Thus, photosynthetic acclimation to growth in elevated CO2 occurred gradually and was not a function of root-sink strength or soil-fertility treatment. However, net photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an elevated CO2 concentration was still over 2 times greater than the photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an ambient CO2 concentration. Growth enhancement by CO2 was maintained, since seedlings grown in elevated CO2 were 40% larger in both size and weight after two growing seasons.

scholarly journals Generation and Characterization of Indoor Fungal Aerosols for Inhalation Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 2479-2493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Mette Madsen ◽  
Søren T. Larsen ◽  
Ismo K. Koponen ◽  
Kirsten I. Kling ◽  
Afnan Barooni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Water Damage

ABSTRACTIn the indoor environment, people are exposed to several fungal species. Evident dampness is associated with increased respiratory symptoms. To examine the immune responses associated with fungal exposure, mice are often exposed to a single species grown on an agar medium. The aim of this study was to develop an inhalation exposure system to be able to examine responses in mice exposed to mixed fungal species aerosolized from fungus-infested building materials. Indoor airborne fungi were sampled and cultivated on gypsum boards. Aerosols were characterized and compared with aerosols in homes. Aerosols containing 107CFU of fungi/m3air were generated repeatedly from fungus-infested gypsum boards in a mouse exposure chamber. Aerosols containedAspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus niger,Aspergillus ustus,Aspergillus versicolor,Chaetomium globosum,Cladosporiumherbarum,Penicillium brevicompactum,Penicillium camemberti,Penicillium chrysogenum,Penicillium commune,Penicillium glabrum,Penicillium olsonii,Penicillium rugulosum,Stachybotrys chartarum, andWallemia sebi. They were all among the most abundant airborne species identified in 28 homes. Nine species from gypsum boards and 11 species in the homes are associated with water damage. Most fungi were present as single spores, but chains and clusters of different species and fragments were also present. The variation in exposure level during the 60 min of aerosol generation was similar to the variation measured in homes. Through aerosolization of fungi from the indoor environment, cultured on gypsum boards, it was possible to generate realistic aerosols in terms of species composition, concentration, and particle sizes. The inhalation-exposure system can be used to study responses to indoor fungi associated with water damage and the importance of fungal species composition.

scholarly journals Home range and habitat use of the Vulnerable Virginia northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus in the Central Appalachian Mountains, USA

Oryx ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Menzel ◽  
W. Mark Ford ◽  
John W. Edwards ◽  
Tamara M. Terry
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Home Range ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Kernel Method ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrel

The Virginia northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus is a Vulnerable sciurid that has experienced a 90% reduction of suitable high elevation boreal montane forest habitat over the last century in the central Appalachians of West Virginia and Virginia, USA. Using radiotelemetry and GIS analyses we examined the species' home range size and habitat use in the Monongahela National Forest, Kumbrabow State Forest and the MeadWestvaco Ecosystem Research Forest in West Virginia during the summers of 2000–2003. The mean home range sizes of male and female squirrels were 54.2 and 15.3 ha, respectively, based on the adaptive kernel method. Euclidean distance analysis indicated the squirrels used spruce, mixed spruce-northern hardwood, and open habitats more than was available across the landscape. Selection of spruce and mixed spruce-northern hardwood habitats indicates that forest management activities designed to restore and increase these types in the central Appalachian landscape are required to conserve and increase this Vulnerable species.

scholarly journals Comparison of Prediction Equations for Estimating Inside Bark Diameters for Yellow-Poplar, Red Maple, and Red Pine in West Virginia

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks ◽  
Lichun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Nonlinear Prediction ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Taper Function ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The ability to predict inside bark diameters was investigated using taper data for red maple, red pine and yellow-poplar from several stands in West Virginia. Inside bark estimates were based on Grosenbaugh's STX prediction equations, a segmented polynomial taper function fitted to inside bark diameter data, an existing polynomial prediction equation published for several hardwood species in this region and a nonlinear prediction equation fitted to the taper data. Grosenbaugh's STX is a computer program for processing tree measurements and includes three equations to allow flexibility and greater accuracy in predicting inside bark upper stem diameters. The nonlinear equation had the smallest overall prediction error in almost all cases investigated. The taper function had the largest error but does not require knowledge of the specific upper stem outside bark diameter. No single STX bark option was found to be optimal for all species or for a single species from two different geographic regions.

scholarly journals Exploring the Sensitivity of Subtropical Stand Aboveground Productivity to Local and Regional Climate Signals in South China

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhou ◽  
Yang Luo ◽  
Guang Zhou ◽  
Jian Yu ◽  
Sher Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Aboveground Productivity ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature

Subtropical forest productivity is significantly affected by both natural disturbances (local and regional climate changes) and anthropogenic activities (harvesting and planting). Monthly measures of forest aboveground productivity from natural forests (primary and secondary forests) and plantations (mixed and single-species forests) were developed to explore the sensitivity of subtropical mountain productivity to the fluctuating characteristics of climate change in South China, spanning the 35-year period from 1981 to 2015. Statistical analysis showed that climate regulation differed across different forest types. The monthly average maximum temperature, precipitation, and streamflow were positively correlated with primary and mixed-forest aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its components: Wood productivity (WP) and canopy productivity (CP). However, the monthly average maximum temperature, precipitation, and streamflow were negatively correlated with secondary and single-species forest ANPP and its components. The number of dry days and minimum temperature were positively associated with secondary and single-species forest productivity, but inversely associated with primary and mixed forest productivity. The multivariate ENSO (EI Niño-Southern Oscillation) index (MEI), computed based on sea level pressure, surface temperature, surface air temperature, and cloudiness over the tropical Pacific Ocean, was significantly correlated with local monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmax and Tmin), precipitation (PRE), streamflow (FLO), and the number of dry days (DD), as well as the monthly means of primary and mixed forest aboveground productivity. In particular, the mean maximum temperature increased by 2.5, 0.9, 6.5, and 0.9 °C, and the total forest aboveground productivity decreased by an average of 5.7%, 3.0%, 2.4%, and 7.8% in response to the increased extreme high temperatures and drought events during the 1986/1988, 1997/1998, 2006/2007, and 2009/2010 EI Niño periods, respectively. Subsequently, the total aboveground productivity values increased by an average of 1.1%, 3.0%, 0.3%, and 8.6% because of lagged effects after the wet La Niña periods. The main conclusions of this study demonstrated that the influence of local and regional climatic fluctuations on subtropical forest productivity significantly differed across different forests, and community position and plant diversity differences among different forest types may prevent the uniform response of subtropical mountain aboveground productivity to regional climate anomalies. Therefore, these findings may be useful for forecasting climate-induced variation in forest aboveground productivity as well as for selecting tree species for planting in reforestation practices.

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