Reproductive schedule of Medicago lupulina (Leguminosae) in a patchy environment

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2044-2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Pavone ◽  
R. J. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Patchy Environment ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Reproductive schedules for cohorts of Medicago lupulina seedlings were compared in adjacent habitats, distinguished by the presence or absence of a ground cover of mosses. The objective of the study was to determine how the reproductive schedule of a single taxon changes in a patchy environment (i.e., where risk of death changes with habitat type). The mortality rate was higher where mosses were absent, probably because of increased drought stress. In both habitats some plants reproduced for the first time in their second growing season, but the percentage reproducing for the first time in their third or fourth growing season was greater at moss-covered sites (15%) than at moss-free sites (4%). Fewer plants reproduced either once or repeatedly in the moss-free habitat (10% once, 1% repeatedly) than in the moss-covered habitat (18% once, 7% repeatedly). However, the mean number of seeds produced per plant was greater at moss-free sites (0–93) than at moss-covered sites (0–27). These results indicate that the timing, frequency, and amount of reproduction will all change where a species experiences different microhabitats within a patchy environment.

New associations of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea in the in Southern Nechernozemie region of Russia

2014 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
A. D. Bulokhov
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Small Sites ◽  
First Time ◽  
Podzol Soils

3 new associations, distributed in the Southern Nechernozemie of Russia, are described for the first time with use of the Braun-Blanquet approach: Poo angustifoliae–Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Festuco pratensis–Leucanthemetum vulgaris, Trifolio ar­ven­si–Rumicetum thyrsiflori. The synecological amplitudes of humidity, acidity and soil richness by mineral nitrogen of the associations are defined. Communities of ass. Poo angustifoliae–Arrhenatheretum elatioris are distributed on the flat slopes of ravines on the dry, subacidic, grey wood loamy soils moderately rich by mineral nitrogen. Communities of ass. Festuco pratensis–Leucanthemetum vulgaris are distributed on fresh, subacidic, rather poor in mineral nitrogen grey and dark grey wood loamy soils on the fallow lands of various age within landscapes of loess plateau; on sod-podzolic loamy, sandy and subsandy soils within landscapes of fluvioglacial loamy and moraine-outwash plains. They can meet occasionally on grey wood loamy soils. Communities of the Potentilla argentea var. are distributed on grey and dark grey wood loamy soils on the fallow lands within landscapes of loess plateau. Communities of the Medicago lupulina var. are distributed on sod-podzolic loamy, sandy and subsandy subacidic, rather poor in mineral nitrogen soils on the fallow lands of various age. They may occur in the small sites on the continental meadows or along highways. Occasionally these plant communities can be found on grey wood loamy soils. Communities of ass. Trifolio arvensi–Rumicetum thyrsiflori are distributed on raised sites on gentle-wavy outwash or moraine-outwash plains on dry and moderately sour, poor by mineral nitrogen easily sandy and sandy podzol soils. For the estimation of a homotoneity of established syntaxa the index of homotoneity of H.Passarge (1979) is used. The ass. Poo angustifoliae–Arrhenatheretum elatioris is characteristic by the high homogenetic variability. Totally, association’s index of homotoneity is high — 0.52. The low index of a homotoneity is characteristic for аss. Festuco pratensis–Leucanthemetum vulgaris — 0.35, for the Potentilla argentea var. — 0.33 and Medicago lupulina var. — 0.44. Following associations have a low index of the homotoneity: аss. Trifolio arvensi–Rumicetum thyrsiflori — 0.33, as in subass. T.a.–R.th. typicum— 0.33, and in subass. T.a.–R.th. helichrysetosum arenarii — 0.44. Such low indexes of a homotoneity are characteristic for semiruderal and serial commu­nities.

RESULTS OF INTRALESIONAL TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE FOR CHALAZION TREATMENT

2011 ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Thi Thu Nguyen ◽  
Viet Hien Vo ◽  
Thi Em Do
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Lower Eyelid ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Interventional Trial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time

The study use intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection proceduce for chalazion treatment.1. Objectives: To evaluate results of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for chalazion treatment. 2. Method: This noncomparative prospective interventional trial included 72 chalazions of 61 patients. 3. Results: 61 patients (72 chalazions) with 19 males (31.1%) và 42 females (68.9%), the mean age was 24 ± 9,78 years. 31.1% patients was the first time chalazion and 68.9% patients was more than one times chalazion including 78.6% patients was recurrent at the first position and 21.4% patients occur at new position. 72 chalazions with 16 (22.2%) chalazions was treated before and 56 (77.8%) chalazions wasn’t done that. 72 chalazions with 49 chalazions (68.1%) are local in upper eyelid and 23 chalazions (31.9%) are local in lower eyelid. The mean of chalazion diameter is 6.99 ± 3.03mm. Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide is injected to treat 72 chalazions with 16 (22.2%) chalazions are injected through the route of skin and 56 (77.8%) chalazions are injected through the route of conjunctiva. After 2 weeks follow-up, the success rate was 93.1% and 6.9% failed. 4. Conclusion: intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for chalazion treatment is really effective. Key words: chalazion, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide.

Synthesis of a silymarin-gold nanoparticle conjugate and analysis of its liver-protecting activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Staroverov ◽  
Sergey Kozlov ◽  
Alexander Fomin ◽  
Konstantib Gabalov ◽  
Alexey Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Experimental Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Liver Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
First Time

Background: The liver disease problem prompts investigators to search for new methods of liver treatment. Introduction: Silymarin (Sil) protects the liver by reducing the concentration of free radicals and the extent of damage to the cell membranes. A particularly interesting method to increase the bioavailability of Sil is to use synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as reagents. The study considered whether it was possible to use the silymarin-AuNP conjugate as a potential liver-protecting drug. Method: AuNPs were conjugated to Sil and examine the liver-protecting activity of the conjugate. Experimental hepatitis and hepatocyte cytolysis after carbon tetrachloride actionwere used as a model system, and the experiments were conducted on laboratory animals. Result: For the first time, silymarin was conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Electron microscopy showed that the resultant preparations were monodisperse and that the mean conjugate diameter was 18–30 nm ± 0.5 nm (mean diameter of the native nanoparticles, 15 ± 0.5 nm). In experimental hepatitis in mice, conjugate administration interfered with glutathione depletion in hepatocytes in response to carbon tetrachloride was conducive to an increase in energy metabolism, and stimulated the monocyte–macrophage function of the liver. The results were confirmed by the high respiratory activity of the hepatocytes in cell culture. Conclusion: We conclude that the silymarin-AuNP conjugate holds promise as a liver-protecting agent in acute liver disease caused by carbon tetrachloride poisoning.

Ecosystem modeling of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes for boreal forest sites

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Potter ◽  
Jill Bubier ◽  
Patrick Crill ◽  
Peter Lafleur
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Methane Flux ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Water Levels

Predicted daily fluxes from an ecosystem model for water, carbon dioxide, and methane were compared with 1994 and 1996 Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) field measurements at sites dominated by old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) (OBS) and boreal fen vegetation near Thompson, Man. Model settings for simulating daily changes in water table depth (WTD) for both sites were designed to match observed water levels, including predictions for two microtopographic positions (hollow and hummock) within the fen study area. Water run-on to the soil profile from neighboring microtopographic units was calibrated on the basis of daily snowmelt and rainfall inputs to reproduce BOREAS site measurements for timing and magnitude of maximum daily WTD for the growing season. Model predictions for daily evapotranspiration rates closely track measured fluxes for stand water loss in patterns consistent with strong controls over latent heat fluxes by soil temperature during nongrowing season months and by variability in relative humidity and air temperature during the growing season. Predicted annual net primary production (NPP) for the OBS site was 158 g C·m–2 during 1994 and 135 g C·m–2 during 1996, with contributions of 75% from overstory canopy production and 25% from ground cover production. Annual NPP for the wetter fen site was 250 g C·m–2 during 1994 and 270 g C·m–2 during 1996. Predicted seasonal patterns for soil CO2 fluxes and net ecosystem production of carbon both match daily average estimates at the two sites. Model results for methane flux, which also closely match average measured flux levels of –0.5 mg CH4·m–2·day–1 for OBS and 2.8 mg CH4·m–2·day–1 for fen sites, suggest that spruce areas are net annual sinks of about –0.12 g CH4·m–2, whereas fen areas generate net annual emissions on the order of 0.3–0.85 g CH4·m–2, depending mainly on seasonal WTD and microtopographic position. Fen hollow areas are predicted to emit almost three times more methane during a given year than fen hummock areas. The validated model is structured for extrapolation to regional simulations of interannual trace gas fluxes over the entire North America boreal forest, with integration of satellite data to characterize properties of the land surface.

scholarly journals POS0119 RENAL INVOLVEMENT AND NEED OF RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS IN A SPANISH SINGLE-CENTER STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 270.2-271
Author(s):  
J. Álvarez Troncoso ◽  
J. C. Santacruz Mancheno ◽  
A. Díez Vidal ◽  
S. Afonso Ramos ◽  
A. Noblejas Mozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Anca Associated Vasculitis ◽  
The Mean

Background:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EPGA). Renal involvement is frequent in AAV and is an important factor for morbidity and mortality.Objectives:The main objective of this study was to analyze the demographic, clinical, histological and therapeutic characteristics of renal involvement in patients with AAV and the risk of renal replacement therapy (RRT) or death.Methods:Retrospective observational study of 56 patients with AAV fulfilling classificatory criteria and renal involvement diagnosed between 1995 and 2020 from a Spanish tertiary centre. We studied the histological involvement (according to the 2010 classification in focal, crescentic, mixed or sclerotic), immunofluorescence (IF) and the treatment received with the risk of RRT or death.Results:We included 56 patients diagnosed with AAV and renal involvement. The mean age was 61.08±4.05 years; 58.9% were women. The mean follow-up time of these patients was 16.14± 8.80 years. Only 57.1% of patients presented systemic involvement.Most frequent non-renal AAV manifestations were lung involvement (39.3%), central nervous system (30.4%), otorhinolaryngology (ORL) (14.3%), skin (8.9%) and cardiac involvement (8.9%). Main immunological findings were ANCA-MPO+ (69.6%), ANCA-PR3+ (23.2%), ANCA-negative (5.4%). Low C3 was found in 19.6% patients. Histologic classification (HC) and need of RRT is described in table 1. Main HC in renal AAV was crescentic, mixed, focal and sclerotic respectively. Eight patients had not biopsy performed. IF was positive for C3 deposits in 20 patients (35.7%). Half of the patients presented <50% normal glomeruli.The treatment of renal involvement in AAV in our cohort was as follows: 83.9% (47) corticosteroids (CS) and cyclophosphamide (of which 40 received intravenous and 7 oral cyclophosphamide; and 12 patients associated plasma exchange (PE) with this treatment), 5.36% CS alone, 2 patients received CS and mycophenolate; 1 CS and rituximab, 1 CS and PE, and 2 patients received no treatment. A total of 13 patients received PE and 18 RRT. The mean time to RRT was 65.44±32.72 months. Relapses were not uncommon, 33.93% of the patients presented ≥1 relapse and 10.71% presented ≥2.Infections were very frequent since they were present in 91.07% of the patients. Other frequent non-immunological complications observed in the follow-up of these patients were thrombosis in 31.14%, cardiovascular events in 28.57% and cancer in 19.64%.Patients with ANCA-PR3+ were younger at diagnosis (p<0.001), were more likely to present cardiac (p=0.045) and ORL involvement (p<0.001). However, neither ANCA-PR3+ nor ANCA-MPO+ were specifically associated with the need of RRT or higher risk of death in our cohort. Use of CS alone for the treatment of renal AAV was associated with higher mortality (p=0.006) but CS and cyclophosphamide with lower mortality (p=0.044). ANCA-negative patients were more likely to receive no treatment. Having <50% normal glomeruli and C3 deposits on IF were associated with an increased need for RRT. Presenting focal disease on HC was protective for the need of RRT. Older age at diagnosis, systemic involvement of AAV and need of RRT was associated with higher mortality.Conclusion:AAVs are complex vasculitides with frequent renal involvement. Increased C3 deposition, non-focal histological forms, and <50% normal glomeruli were related to the need for RRT. In turn, the need for RRT, a later age at diagnosis, and systemic involvement were associated with higher mortality. Holistic and multidisciplinary early management of AAVs in experience centers can help improve renal prognosis and decrease mortality.References:[1]Binda et al. ANCA-associated vasculitis with renal involvement. J Nephrol. 2018 Apr;31(2):197-208.[2]Kronbichler et al. Clinical associations of renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020 Apr;19(4):102495.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Seasonal Influenza and Low Flu Vaccination Coverage as Important Factors Modifying the Costs and Availability of Hospital Services in Poland: A Retrospective Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5173
Author(s):  
Robert Susło ◽  
Piotr Pobrotyn ◽  
Lidia Brydak ◽  
Łukasz Rypicz ◽  
Urszula Grata-Borkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Season ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Retrospective Comparative Study ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: Influenza infection is associated with potential serious complications, increased hospitalization rates, and a higher risk of death. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis of selected indicators of hospitalization from the University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland, was carried out on patients with confirmed influenza infection in comparison to a control group randomly selected from among all other patients hospitalized on the respective wards during the 2018–2019 influenza season. Results: The mean laboratory testing costs for the entire hospital were 3.74-fold higher and the mean imaging test costs were 4.02-fold higher for patients with confirmed influenza than for the control group; the hospital expenses were additionally raised by the cost of antiviral therapy, which is striking when compared against the cost of a single flu vaccine. During the 2018–2019 influenza season, influenza infections among the hospital patients temporarily limited the healthcare service availability in the institution, which resulted in reduced admission rates to the departments related to internal medicine; the mean absence among the hospital staff totaled approximately 7 h per employee, despite 7.3% of the staff having been vaccinated against influenza at the hospital’s expense. Conclusions: There were significant differences in the hospitalization indicators between the patients with confirmed influenza and the control group, which markedly increased the hospital care costs in this multi-specialty university hospital.

scholarly journals Neutrosophic ratio-type estimators for estimating the population mean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaigham Tahir ◽  
Hina Khan ◽  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Javid Shabbir ◽  
Yasar Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Mean Square Error ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Classical Statistics ◽  
Neutrosophic Statistics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type Data ◽  
First Time

AbstractAll researches, under classical statistics, are based on determinate, crisp data to estimate the mean of the population when auxiliary information is available. Such estimates often are biased. The goal is to find the best estimates for the unknown value of the population mean with minimum mean square error (MSE). The neutrosophic statistics, generalization of classical statistics tackles vague, indeterminate, uncertain information. Thus, for the first time under neutrosophic statistics, to overcome the issues of estimation of the population mean of neutrosophic data, we have developed the neutrosophic ratio-type estimators for estimating the mean of the finite population utilizing auxiliary information. The neutrosophic observation is of the form $${Z}_{N}={Z}_{L}+{Z}_{U}{I}_{N}\, {\rm where}\, {I}_{N}\in \left[{I}_{L}, {I}_{U}\right], {Z}_{N}\in [{Z}_{l}, {Z}_{u}]$$ Z N = Z L + Z U I N where I N ∈ I L , I U , Z N ∈ [ Z l , Z u ] . The proposed estimators are very helpful to compute results when dealing with ambiguous, vague, and neutrosophic-type data. The results of these estimators are not single-valued but provide an interval form in which our population parameter may have more chance to lie. It increases the efficiency of the estimators, since we have an estimated interval that contains the unknown value of the population mean provided a minimum MSE. The efficiency of the proposed neutrosophic ratio-type estimators is also discussed using neutrosophic data of temperature and also by using simulation. A comparison is also conducted to illustrate the usefulness of Neutrosophic Ratio-type estimators over the classical estimators.

scholarly journals P1398 Echocardiographic continuous monitoring of exercise stress test using probe fixation device

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Wdowiak-Okrojek ◽  
P Wejner-Mik ◽  
Z Bednarkiewicz ◽  
P Lipiec ◽  
J D Kasprzak
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Exercise Stress Test ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Fixation Device ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Stress echocardiography (SE) plays an important role among methods of noninvasive diagnosis of ischemic disease. Despite the advantages of physical exercise as the most physiologic stressor, it is difficult (bicycle ergometer) or impossible (treadmill) to obtain and maintain the acoustic window during the exercise. Recently, an innovative probe fixation device was introduced and a research plan was developed to assess the feasibility of external probe fixation during exercise echocardiography on a supine bicycle and upright treadmill exercise for the first time. Methods 37 subjects (36 men, mean age 39 ± 16 years, 21 healthy volunteers, 16 patients with suspected coronary artery disease) were included in this study. This preliminary testing stage included mostly men due to more problematic probe fixation in women. All subjects underwent a submaximal exercise stress test on a treadmill (17/37) or bicycle ergometer (11/37). Both sector and matrix probes were used. We assessed semi-quantitatively the quality of acquired apical views at each stage – the four-point grading system was used (0-no view, 1-suboptimal quality, 2-optimal quality, 3-very good quality), 2-3 sufficient for diagnosis. Results The mean time required for careful positioning of the probe and image optimization was 12 ± 3 min and shortened from 13,7 to 11,1 minutes (mean) in first vs second half of the cohort documenting learning curve. At baseline, 9 patients had at least one apical view of quality precluding reliable analysis. Those patients were excluded from further assessment. During stress, 17 patients maintained the optimal or very good quality of all apical views, whereas in 11 patients the quality significantly decreased during the stress test and required probe repositioning. The mean image quality score at baseline was 2,61 ± 0,48 and 2,25 ± 0,6 after exercise. Expectedly, good image quality was easier to obtain and maintain in the supine position (score 2,74 ± 0,44) points as compared with upright position (score 2,25 ± 0,57). Conclusion This preliminary, unique experience with external probe fixation device indicates that continuous acquisition and monitoring of echocardiographic images is feasible during physical exercise, and for the first time ever - also on the treadmill. This feasibility data stem from almost exclusively male patients and the estimated rate of sufficient image quality throughout the entire test is currently around 60%. We are hoping, that gaining more experience with the product could increase the success rate on exercise tests. Abstract P1398 Figure. Treadmill and ergometer stress test

scholarly journals Sernbo score predicts survival after intracapsular hip fracture in the elderly

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJC Dawe ◽  
E Lindisfarne ◽  
T Singh ◽  
I McFadyen ◽  
P Stott
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Intracapsular Hip Fracture ◽  
The Mean

Introduction The Sernbo score uses four factors (age, social situation, mobility and mental state) to divide patients into a high-risk and a low-risk group. This study sought to assess the use of the Sernbo score in predicting mortality after an intracapsular hip fracture. Methods A total of 259 patients with displaced intracapsular hip fractures were included in the study. Data from prospectively generated databases provided 22 descriptive variables for each patient. These included operative management, blood tests and co-mobidities. Multivariate analysis was used to identify significant predictors of mortality. Results The mean patient age was 85 years and the mean follow-up duration was 1.5 years. The one-year survival rate was 92% (±0.03) in the low-risk group and 65% (±0.046) in the high-risk group. Four variables predicted mortality: Sernbo score >15 (p=0.0023), blood creatinine (p=0.0026), ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) grade >3 (p=0.0038) and non-operative treatment (p=0.0377). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the Sernbo score as the only predictor of 30-day mortality (area under curve 0.71 [0.65–0.76]). The score had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 51% for prediction of death at 30 days. Conclusions The Sernbo score identifies patients at high risk of death in the 30 days following injury. This very simple score could be used to direct extra early multidisciplinary input to high-risk patients on admission with an intracapsular hip fracture.

THE INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT ON WEIGHT CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY IN WOMEN

1957 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS McKEOWN ◽  
R. G. RECORD
Keyword(s):  
Weight Change ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Time Table ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
First Time

SUMMARY Three hundred and eighty-three women whose weights were recorded during and after pregnancy were divided into groups of short (under 64 in.) and tall (64 in. and over) individuals, and further subdivided according to an index of body build (based on the observed regression of antenatal weight on height). Differences between the weight 12 months after delivery and the antenatal weight (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation) were examined. The proportion of short women who added weight in this interval was relatively high for those who were thinnest at the antenatal examination, was lowest for those who were moderately thin and thereafter increased with increasing degree of obesity (from about 1 in 3 to 4 in 5); the proportion of tall women who added weight showed no significant change (Fig. 2). This variation in weight change according to height is exhibited by women pregnant for the first time (Table 3). For both short and tall women, the mean weight increment of those who added weight, and the mean weight decrement of those who lost weight, increased with increasing degree of obesity (Fig. 3). When weight change is expressed as a proportion of the antenatal weight these trends disappear (Fig. 4).

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