The effects of fire on Phragmites australis in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1864-1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thompson ◽  
J. M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Delta Marsh ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Dense Stand ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents ◽  
Experimental Plots

A dense stand of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel in the Delta Marsh was divided into a grid of 20 experimental plots. Three different burn treatments (August 1979, October 1979, and May 1980) were each applied to four plots, with the remaining plots as controls. Shoot biomass was greater after spring and fall burns in comparison with the controls but less on summer-burned plots. Total shoot density was higher after all burning treatments in comparison with the controls. Flowering shoot density was lower after summer and fall burns in comparison with the controls but higher following spring burns. All burn treatments resulted in lower mean shoot weight than on controls primarily as a result of greater densities of shorter, thinner vegetative shoots. Belowground standing crop was higher by mid-September of 1980 on spring- and fall-burned plots but not on those burned in the summer. The seasonal minimum total nonstructural carbohydrate contents of rhizomes were reduced after summer and spring burns in comparison with the controls.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Biomass Growth of Constructed Floating Wetlands Plants in Saline Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriana Sanicola ◽  
Terry Lucke ◽  
Michael Stewart ◽  
Katharina Tondera ◽  
Christopher Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Saline Environments ◽  
Floating Wetlands ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

Constructed Floating Wetlands (CFWs) are increasingly being used globally in freshwater environments such as urban lakes and ponds to remove pollutants from urban stormwater runoff. However, to date there has been limited research into the use and performance of these systems in saline environments. This study compared the root and shoot biomass growth and nutrient uptake of five different plant species, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Baumea juncea, Isolepis nodosa, Phragmites australis and Sarcocornia quinqueflora, in three different saltwater treatments over a 12-week period. The aim of the study was to identify which of the plant species may be most suitable for use in CFWs in saline environments. Plant nutrient uptake testing revealed that Phragmites australis had the greatest percentage increase (1473–2477%) of Nitrogen mass in the shoots in all treatments. Sarcocornia quinqueflora also had impressive Nitrogen mass increase in saltwater showing an increase of 966% (0.208 ± 0.134 g). This suggests that the use of Phragmites australis and Sarcocornia quinqueflora plants in CFWs installed in saline water bodies, with regular harvesting of the shoot mass, may significantly reduce Nitrogen concentrations in the water. Isolepis nodosa had the greatest percentage increase (112% or 0.018 ± 0.020 g) of Phosphorous mass in the shoots in the saltwater treatment. Baumea juncea had the greatest percentage increase (315% or 0.026 ± 0.012 g) of Phosphorous mass in the roots in the saltwater treatment. This suggests that the use of Isolepis nodosa and Baumea juncea plants in CFWs installed in saline water bodies may significantly reduce Phosphorous concentrations in the water if there was a way to harvest both the shoots above and the roots below the CFWs. The study is continuing, and it is anticipated that more information will be available on CFW plants installed in saline environments in the near future.

scholarly journals Uncovering the Host Range for Maize Pathogen Magnaporthiopsis maydis

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dor ◽  
Degani
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Shoot Weight

The fungus Magnaporthiopsis maydis is a soil-borne, seed-borne vascular wilt pathogen that causes severe damage to sensitive Zea mays L. (maize) hybrids throughout Egypt, Israel, India, Spain, and other countries. It can undergo virulence variations and survive as spores, sclerotia, or mycelia on plant residues. Maize, Lupinus termis L. (lupine) and Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) are the only known hosts of M. maydis. Identification of new plant hosts that can assist in the survival of the pathogen is an essential step in restricting disease outbreak and spread. Here, by field survey and growth chamber pathogenicity test, accompanied by real-time PCR analysis, the presence of the fungal DNA inside the roots of cotton (Pima cv.) plants was confirmed in infested soil. Moreover, we identified M. maydis in Setaria viridis (green foxtail) and Citrullus lanatus (watermelon, Malali cv.). Infected watermelon sprouts had delayed emergence and development, were shorter, and had reduced root and shoot biomass. M. maydis infection also affected root biomass and phenological development of cotton plants but caused only mild symptoms in green foxtail. No M. maydis DNA was detected in Hordeum vulgare (barley, Noga cv.) and the plants showed no disease symptoms except for reduced shoot weight. These findings are an important step towards uncovering the host range and endophytic behavior of M. maydis, encouraging expanding this evaluation to other plant species.

Wheat genotypes differ in potassium efficiency under glasshouse and field conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 816 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Damon ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Potassium Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Main Factor

A novel approach to the sustainable management of potassium (K) resources in agro-ecosystems is through better exploitation of genetic differences in the K efficiency of crop plants. Potassium efficiency is a measure of genotypic tolerance to soils with low potassium availability and can be quantified as the K efficiency ratio (the ratio of growth at deficient and adequate K supply). This study investigated the magnitude of variation in K efficiency among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in a glasshouse and in the field. Genotypes differed significantly in response to low soil K availability in terms of shoot biomass during the vegetative growth phase and grain yield at maturity under glasshouse (144 genotypes) and field (89 genotypes) conditions. K-efficient and K-inefficient genotypes were identified. The main factor determining K efficiency for grain yield was the capacity of genotypes to maintain a high harvest index (grain yield/total shoot weight) at deficient K supply. Genotypes that had reduced harvest index under deficient K supply were K-inefficient. Capacity to tolerate low concentrations of K in shoot tissue where K supply was deficient was also important in determining K efficiency for grain yield. Potassium-efficient genotypes have the potential to enhance the productivity and sustainability of cereal cropping systems.

scholarly journals Chloride Accumulation in Aboveground Biomass of Three Macrophytes (Phragmites Australis, Juncus Maritimus, and Typha Latifolia) Depending on Their Growth Stages and Salinity Exposure. Application for Cl- Removal and Phytodesalinization.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Delattre ◽  
Isabelle TECHER ◽  
Benjamin Reneaud ◽  
Patrick Verdoux ◽  
Isabelle Laffont-Schwob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Chloride Removal ◽  
Juvenile Plants

Abstract Anthropogenic activities can be the source of saline solid wastes that need to be treated to reduce their salt load to meet the purposes of reuse, valorization or storage. In this context, chloride remediation can be achieved using high-salt accumulating plants. However, there is very limited information on the comparative potential of different species in the same environment, and only scarce data concerning their efficiency as a function of growth stage. In order to rationalize these selection criteria, three macrophytes i.e. common reed (Phragmites australis), sea rush (Juncus maritimus) and cattail (Typha latifolia) were cultivated at two growth stages (6-months old and 1-year old) for 65 days in Cl- spiked substrates (from 0 up to 24 ‰ NaCl). The plants’ survival and potential capacity for removal of Cl- from substrates and accumulation in shoots were investigated. For the three studied species, mature and juvenile plants display a high tolerance to salinity. However, mature specimens with higher shoot biomass and Cl- contents are capable of greater chloride removal than juvenile plants. The sole exception is P. australis which displays just the same phytoremediation potential for both mature and juvenile specimens. Moreover, P. australis has the lowest potential when compared with other species, being 1.5 and 3 times lower than for J. maritimus and T. latifolia. When considering the plant growth and the shoot biomass production, chloride removal rates from the substrate point that mature J. maritimus should preferentially be used to design an operational chloride remediation system. The results highlight the relevance of considering the growth stage of plants used for Cl- removal.

scholarly journals Root Weight, Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content, and Shoot Density of High-density Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Sweeney ◽  
Karl Danneberger ◽  
Daijun Wang ◽  
Michael McBride
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Cultivar Group ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Limited information is available on the performance under temperate conditions in the United States of recently released cultivars of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) with high shoot density for use on golf course putting greens. Fifteen cultivars were established in Aug. 1996 on a greens mix with high sand content to compare their seasonal weights and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) contents. The cultivars were maintained at 3.1 mm height of cut. Shoot density counts were taken during Apr., July, and Oct. 1998. Root weights and nonstructural carbohydrate levels were assessed monthly from June 1997 through Nov. 1998. A cultivar group contrast between the high shoot density cultivars (`Penn A1', `Penn A2', `Penn A4', `Penn G1', `Penn G2', and `Penn G6') and the standard cultivars (`Penncross', `Crenshaw', `Southshore', `DF-1', `Procup', `Lopez', `SR1020', and `Providence') revealed that the former averaged 342.9 and 216.1 more shoots/dm2 on two of the three sampling dates. Root dry weights did not vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the cultivars. Performing a contrast between new high shoot density cultivars and standard cultivars revealed greater root dry weight in the former during Mar. and May 1998. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in TNC were observed on two of the 18 sampling dates, but no trends were evident.

scholarly journals Utilizing Branched-chain Amino Acids for Increasing Shoot Density and Establishment Rate in Creeping Bentgrass

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Isaac T. Mertz ◽  
Nick E. Christians ◽  
Adam W. Thoms
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Product ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Establishment Rate

The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (L), isoleucine (IL), and valine (V) are synthesized in plants and are essential to growth in most organisms. These compounds can be absorbed by the plant when foliarly applied, but plant catabolism of BCAA is not completely understood. A recent study observed that BCAA applied in a 2:1:1 or 4:1:1 ratio (L:IL:V) increased creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) shoot density compared with applications of equal urea nitrogen (N) at 3.03 lb/acre N. The present study investigated whether those increases could translate to a quicker establishment rate of creeping bentgrass grown from seed in standard greenhouse pots. The BCAA applications were compared with equal N applications using urea and a commercially available amino acid product. All N treatments were applied at 3.03 lb/acre N, per application and applied a total of four times on a 14-day interval starting 14 days after seeding. Measurements included final shoot density counts and root and shoot weights, as well as digital image analysis of percent green cover for each greenhouse pot every 7 days. No differences were observed after 70 days in shoot weight, or percent green cover between BCAA treatments and urea; however, BCAA 2:1:1 and 4:1:1 increased shoot density 21% and 30%, respectively, compared with urea, and were equal to the commercially available amino acid product. Applications of BCAA 4:1:1 also increased creeping bentgrass rooting weight by a factor of 7 compared with urea N.

Water-depth tolerances of the dominant emergent macrophytes of the Delta Marsh, Manitoba

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1860-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Squires ◽  
A. G. Van der Valk
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Delta Marsh ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Seasonally Flooded ◽  
Water Depths

The growth (shoot height, cumulative shoot length, shoot density, above- and below-ground biomass) of seven emergent species growing at five different water depths was measured for 2 years. These species belonged to three different ecological classes: (i) upper marsh species (Carex atherodes, Scolochloa festucacea, and Phragmites australis) that occupy sections of the water-depth gradient that are only seasonally flooded in the Delta Marsh; (ii) lower marsh species (Typha glauca and Scirpus lacutris spp. glaucus) that occupy permanently flooded areas; and (iii) drawdown species (Scirpus lacustris spp. validus and Scirpus maritimus) that become established temporarily during drawdowns. Upper marsh species could not adjust their shoot length if they were growing in water deeper than 20 cm. Lower marsh species were able to do this in water up to 70 cm deep. All three types survived for 1 or 2 years in water too deep for long-term persistence. Scirpus species survived as tubers in areas with water too deep for them to grow. The distributions of the seven species in the experiments overlapped considerably, and all species cooccurred at water depths to 70 cm after 2 years of flooding. The predicted distribution in the four dominant species along a water-depth gradient were consistent with their actual distributions in the Delta Marsh, but their predicted distributions overlapped much more than is the case in the field. Key words: emergent vegetation, experiment, water-depth tolerance, plant growth, distributions.

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