Cell wall protuberances in the resin-pocket callus of Pinus nigra

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Donaldson ◽  
A. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Resin Pocket ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Pockets

Cell wall protuberances are found on the outer surface of parenchyma cells in callus tissue lining resin pockets in the wood of Pinus nigra Arn. The protuberances occur in a variety of forms ranging from bumps to distinctly stalked structures. They have a distinctive internal structure consisting of areas of fibrillar material of various densities and textures. The adjacent middle lamella often appears to be continuous with regions within the protuberance. No direct connection between the primary wall and the protuberance is observed, although staining at the light-microscope level indicates a similarity between areas of the protuberance and the primary wall. Protuberances are found only on parenchyma cells which have not developed secondary walls.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Cell Walls of Cambial Derivatives During Wood Formation in Indian ELM (Holoptelea Integrifolia)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Pramod Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
S2 Layer

Sequential changes occurring in cell walls during expansion, secondary wall (SW) deposition and lignification have been studied in the differentiating xylem elements of Holoptelea integrifolia using transmission electron microscopy. The PATAg staining revealed that loosening of the cell wall starts at the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and spreads to radial and tangential walls in the zone of cell expansion (EZ). Lignification started at the CCML region between vessels and associated parenchyma during the final stages of S2 layer formation. The S2 layer in the vessel appeared as two sublayers,an inner one and outer one.The contact ray cells showed SW deposition soon after axial paratracheal parenchyma had completed it, whereas noncontact ray cells underwent SW deposition and lignification following apotracheal parenchyma cells. The paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma cells differed noticeably in terms of proportion of SW layers and lignin distribution pattern. Fibres were found to be the last xylem elements to complete SW deposition and lignification with differential polymerization of cell wall polysaccharides. It appears that the SW deposition started much earlier in the middle region of the fibres while their tips were still undergoing elongation. In homogeneous lignin distribution was noticed in the CCML region of fibres.

scholarly journals Chilling Injury in Peaches: A Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Cell Wall Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Luza ◽  
R. van Gorsel ◽  
V.S. Polito ◽  
A.A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Fruits of mid- (`O'Henry'), late (`Airtime'), and extra-late-season (`Autumn Gem') peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars were examined for changes in cell wall structure and cytochemistry that accompany the onset of mealiness and leatheriness of the mesocarp due to chilling injury. The peaches were stored at 10C for up to 18 days or at SC for up to 29 days. Plastic-embedded sections were stained by the Schiff's-periodic acid reaction, Calcofluor white MR2, and Coriphosphine to demonstrate total insoluble carbohydrates, ß-1,4 glucans, and pectins, respectively. Mealiness was characterized by separation of mesocarp parenchyma cells leading to increased intercellular spaces and accumulation of pectic substances in the intercellular matrix. Little structural change was apparent in the cellulosic component of the cell walls of these fruits. In leathery peaches, the mesocarp parenchyma cells collapsed, intercellular space continued to increase, and pectin-positive staining in the intercellular matrix increased greatly. In addition, the component of the cell walls that stained positively for ß-1,4 glucans became thickened relative to freshly harvested or mealy fruit. At the ultrastructural level, dissolution of the middle lamella, cell separation, irregular thickening of the primary wall, and plasmolysis of the mesocarp parenchyma cells were seen as internal breakdown progressed.

scholarly journals VARIATIONS IN CELL WALL ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY IN CELL TYPES OF EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD IN ENGLISH OAK (QUERCUS ROBUR)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Although there is considerable information on anatomy and gross chemistry of oak wood, little is known on the ultrastructure and chemistry at the individual cell wall level. In particular, differences in ultrastructure and chemistry within the same cell type between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) are poorly understood. This study investigated the ultrastructure and chemistry of (vasicentric) tracheids, vessels, (libriform) fibers and axial/ray parenchyma cells of English oak xylem (Quercus robur L.) using light-, fluorescence- and transmission electron microscopy combined with histo/cytochemistry and immunohisto/ cytochemistry. EW tracheids showed several differences from LW tracheids including thinner cell walls, wider middle lamella cell corner (MLcc) regions and lesser amounts of mannan epitopes. Fibers showed thicker cell walls and higher amounts of mannan epitopes than tracheids. EW vessels were rich in guaiacyl (G) lignin with a characteristic non-layered cell wall organization (absence of S1–3 layers), whereas LW vessels were rich in syringyl (S) lignin with a three layered cell wall structure (S1–3 layers). Formation of a highly lignified and wide protective layer (PL) inside axial/ray parenchyma cells was detected only in EW. Distribution of mannan epitopes varied greatly between cell types and between EW and LW, whereas distribution of xylan epitopes was almost identical in all cell types within a growth ring. Together, this study demonstrates that there are great variations in ultrastructure and chemistry of cell walls within a single growth ring of English oak xylem.

scholarly journals Electronic microscopy examination of the influence of purified enzymatic activities on grape skin cell wall

OENO One ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Khalid Amrani Joutei ◽  
F. Ouazzani Chahdi ◽  
D. Bouya ◽  
Cédric Saucier ◽  
Yves Glories
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Electronic Microscopy ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Skin Cell ◽  
Pectolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellular Wall ◽  
Microscopy Examination

<p style="text-align: justify;">Pectolytic enzymes act differently on the degradation of the cell wall of grape skin and on the libération of tannins. PG and PL degrade the pectin from the middle lamella and the primary wall which favours the liberation of granulate tannins present inside the vacuole only ones. Cellulase degrade the cellulose fibbers and allows the liberation of tannins bound to the cellular wall. These last ones being bound to cellulosic molecules.</p>

scholarly journals Anatomy and cell wall ultrastructure of sunflower stalk rind

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhen Wang ◽  
Hao Ren ◽  
Shengcheng Zhai ◽  
Huamin Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Xylem Fibers ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

AbstractThe anatomy and ultrastructure of sunflower stalk rind are closely related to its conversion and utilization. We studied systematically the anatomy and ultrastructure of the stalk rind using light, scanning electron, transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the stalk rind consisted of phloem fibers (PF), xylem fibers (XF), vessel elements (V), ground parenchyma cells (GPC), axial parenchyma cells (APC), xylem ray parenchyma cells (XRPC), and pith ray parenchyma cells (PRPC). These cell walls were divided into the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall (S). It was found that the S of PF, XF and V was further divided into three layers (S1–S3), while the S of APC, GPC, XRPC and PRPC showed a non-layered cell wall organization or differentiated two (S1, S2) to seven layers (S1–S7). Our research revealed the plasmodesmata characteristics in the pit membranes (PMs) between parenchyma cells (inter-GPCs, inter-XRPCs, and inter-PRPCs). The morphology of the plasmodesmata varied with the types of parenchyma cells. The thickness and diameter of PMs between the cells (inter-Vs, V–XF, V–APC, and V–XRPC) were greater than that of PMs between parenchyma cells. The cell corners among parenchyma cells were intercellular space. The lignification degree of vessels was higher than that of parenchyma cells and fibers. The results will provide useful insights into the biological structure, conversion and utilization of sunflower stalk rind.

Ultrastructural effects of thaxtomin A produced by Streptomyces scabies on mature potato tuber tissues

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goyer ◽  
Pierre-Mathieu Charest ◽  
Vicky Toussaint ◽  
Carole Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Common Scab ◽  
Streptomyces Scabies ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Thaxtomin A ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Mature Field

The cytological and ultrastructural modifications induced by thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies, were analyzed on mature field-grown potato tuber tissues. In tissue sampled during the first 12 h after treatment with thaxtomin A, the plasmalemma of parenchyma cells was detached from the cell wall in several places. However, the plasmalemma did not appear ruptured. The intercellular spaces between the retracted plasmalemma and the cell wall often contained fibrillar material. After a longer period of time, cells from tissues treated with thaxtomin A showed significant disorganization, such as detachment and invagination of the plasmalemma, the presence of a fibrillar-like material in the cytoplasm, and electron-dense material associated with moribund cellular features.Key words: common scab, potato, phytotoxin, Solanum tuberosum.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRIMARY EPIDERMAL CELL WALL OF AVENA COLEOPTILES

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Bayley ◽  
J. R. Colvin ◽  
F. P. Cooper ◽  
Cecily A. Martin-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Epidermal Cell Wall

The primary walls of epidermal cells in Avena coleoptiles ranging in length from 2 to 40 mm. have been studied in the electron and polarizing microscopes and by the low-angle scattering of x-rays. The outer walls of these cells are composed of multiple layers of cellulose microfibrils oriented longitudinally; initially the number of layers is between 10 and 15 but this increases to about 25 in older tissue. Where epidermal cells touch, these multiple layers fuse gradually into a primary wall of the normal type between cells. In these radial walls, the microfibrils are oriented transversely. Possible mechanisms for the growth of the multilayered outer wall during cell elongation are discussed.

The morphology of grain abscission in Zizania aquatica

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (21) ◽  
pp. 2269-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Hanten ◽  
G. E. Ahlgren ◽  
J. B. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

The anatomical development of the abscission zone in grains of Zizania aquatica L. was correlated with development of the embryo. The abscission zone is well developed when the embryo sac is mature. Soon after pollination, the first anatomical evidence of abscission appears as plasmolysis of the separation layer parenchyma cells. This is followed by separation of the layers by dissolution of the middle lamella and fragmentation of cell walls. Persistence of intact vascular tissue and presence of a surrounding cone-shaped mass of lignified cells may be involved in abscission of wild rice grains.

scholarly journals Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Wall Growth

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document