A comparison of cone and needle characters in Abies: a test of a new theory of evolution

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1926-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Maze
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Event ◽  
Different Levels

One part of a new theory of evolution proposed by Wiley and Brooks is that evolution results in continually increasing complexity. This leads to the unique prediction that once speciation occurs and species are embarked on independent histories, developmentally independent characters will become more correlated. This was tested by comparing cone and needle characters for some Abies species from different levels in a hierarchy, i.e., from the population level, where one would predict low correlations, to the supraspecific level, where one would predict high correlations. In a general sense, these predictions were realized. The results also indicated approximately equal correlations between cone and needle characters at levels below the species. These results were unexpected since one would predict that allopatric populations in the analyses would be embarked on independent histories because they are reproductively isolated and this would show correlations between cone and needle characters. This implies that reproductive isolation may not be a basic evolutionary event but that the dynamic interaction between entropic decay of information and reproductive linkages, the view presented in the new theory of evolution mentioned above, may be.

Language Structures in Cellular Automata

2010 ◽  
pp. 248-281
Author(s):  
Eleonora Bilotta ◽  
Pietro Pantano
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Modern Species ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Infinite Range

The ingenuity of nature and the power of DNA have generated an infinite range of languages - including human language. The existence of these languages inspires us to design artificial cognitive systems whose dynamic interaction with the environment is grounded, at least to some extent, on the same basic laws. Modern scientific knowledge provides us with new opportunities to investigate and understand the logic underlying biological life. We can then use this logic to derive design principles and computational models for artificial systems. The technologies we apply in these studies provide us with new insights into the complexity of the processes underlying the evolutionary success of modern species. We have yet to fully penetrate the mysteries of these natural languages. Nonetheless, the literature suggests (Chomsky, 1957; Aronof & Rees-Miller, 2003; Bilotta & Pantano, 2006) that while the superficial features of different languages depend on different physical supports and different mechanisms, their deep structures share common rules. These constitute linguistic universals, organized at different levels of complexity, where each level has its own rules of composition. At all levels, we can consider these rules as “production rules” or even as rules of reproduction.

scholarly journals Human Papillomavirus Genotype Replacement: Still Too Early to Tell?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Man ◽  
Simopekka Vänskä ◽  
Matti Lehtinen ◽  
Johannes A Bogaards
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Although human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are highly efficacious in protecting against HPV infections and related diseases, vaccination may trigger replacement by nontargeted genotypes if these compete with the vaccine-targeted types. HPV genotype replacement has been deemed unlikely, based on the lack of systematic increases in the prevalence of nonvaccine-type (NVT) infection in the first decade after vaccination, and on the presence of cross-protection for some NVTs. Methods To investigate whether type replacement can be inferred from early postvaccination surveillance, we constructed a transmission model in which a vaccine type and an NVT compete through infection-induced cross-immunity. We simulated scenarios of different levels of cross-immunity and vaccine-induced cross-protection to the NVT. We validated whether commonly used measures correctly indicate type replacement in the long run. Results Type replacement is a trade-off between cross-immunity and cross-protection; cross-immunity leads to type replacement unless cross-protection is strong enough. With weak cross-protection, NVT prevalence may initially decrease before rebounding into type replacement, exhibiting a honeymoon period. Importantly, vaccine effectiveness for NVTs is inadequate for indicating type replacement. Conclusions Although postvaccination surveillance thus far is reassuring, it is still too early to preclude type replacement. Monitoring of NVTs remains pivotal in gauging population-level impacts of HPV vaccination.

No character displacement for reproductive isolation between Drosophila bipectinata and Drosophila malerkotliana

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 849-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Singh ◽  
Sujata Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Drosophila Bipectinata ◽  
Isolation Index ◽  
Drosophila Malerkotliana

To test whether character displacement for reproductive isolation between Drosophila bipectinata and Drosophila malerkotliana exists, the degree of sexual isolation was measured between their sympatric and allopatric populations. Although the isolation indices vary in different crosses, the average isolation index for sympatric populations is very close to that for allopatric populations. This shows no difference in the degree of sexual isolation between sympatric and allopatric populations of D. bipectinata and D. malerkotliana. Thus there is no evidence for the existence of character displacement for sexual isolation between these two closely related sympatric species.Key words: Drosophila bipectinata, Drosophila malerkotliana, sexual isolation, sympatric and allopatric populations.

scholarly journals The distribution of two morphological forms of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) (Diptera: Psychodidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Ward ◽  
A. L. Ribeiro ◽  
L. Ryan ◽  
A. L. Falcão ◽  
E. F. Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
The One ◽  
Cuticular Structures

The males of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis occur in two forms, one which bears a single pair of pale spots on tergite 4 and another in which an additional pair of spots characterizes tergite 3. Almost complete reproductive isolation between sumpatric populations of the two forms and between allopatric populations of the one-spot form has been reported (Ward et al., 1983). Micromorphological differences in cuticular structures on the spots have also been observed and may be sites of pheromone release (Lane & Ward, 1984). Detais of the known distribution of the two are based on the examination of new specimens captured in Brazil during 1982, as well as museum collections and specimens from other laboratories. Males with a single pair of pale spots have been found from Mexico to southern Brazil, whilst the two-spot form is found only from the state of Maranhão in North Brazil to Minas Gerais and the border with Paraguay. In the eastern area of Brazil the two forms occur sympatrically in some locations and separately in others.

Evidence of Pre-mating Reproductive Isolation in Two Allopatric Populations of the Vlei Rat, Otomys irroratus

Ethology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pillay ◽  
K. Willan ◽  
J. Meester ◽  
J. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Allopatric Populations

scholarly journals ENUMERASI DAN ANALISIS BAKTERI TANAH DI HUTAN LARANGAN ADAT RUMBIO (Enumeration And Bacteria Analysis of Soil on The Larangan Adat Rumbio Forest)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rahmi Fitrah ◽  
Mokhammad Irfan ◽  
Robbana Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Bacterial Morphology ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Bacterial Cell Shape ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Animal Sciences ◽  
Different Levels

One of indicator of soil fertility is the population level of microbial in the soil. This research aims to determine the number of bacterial populations in the soil on yhe Larangan Adat Rumbi Forest with different levels of depth. This research has been carried out on January-February 2015 in the Laboratory of Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences of State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. The method that was used namely observation method by taking soil samples on the Larangan Adat Rumbio Forest then calculated the number of colonies of bacteria and analyze the morphology of the bacteria that was obtained macroscopically and microscopically. Parameters measured were pH of soil, the population of bacteria, bacterial morphology, gram stain, and bacterial cell shape based on soil depth of 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm, 21-30 cm. Observations carried out two stages macroscopic and microscopic observation. The results showed the soil pH on the Larangan Adat Rumbio Forest was 4,11. Total population of bacteria at depth of 0-10 cm namely 3,0 x 109 CFU, then at a depth of 11-20 cm namely of 2,2 x 109 CFU and at depth of 21-30 cm namely 1,6 x 108 CFU. The Results of purification of culture was obtained six isolat two coccus and four bacil consisting of five gram negative bacteria and one gram positive. Need to do further research on bacteria identification to genus or species level.

Who is chasing whom? A call for a more integrated approach to reduce the load of micro-pollutants in the environment

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Schirmer ◽  
M. Schirmer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Biological Organisation ◽  
Micro Pollutants

One of the key questions arising from the presence of micro-pollutants in surface-, ground-, and drinking water is whether they pose a risk to human and ecosystem health. In our laboratories we have identified a number of biological effects by several pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on human, animal and/or plant cells at different levels of biological organisation. In part, these effects occur at concentrations even below those reported in drinking water. Even though it is often still difficult to fully deduce the role of some of these effects on the whole organism or population level as well as after chronic exposure, the effects observed illustrate that the input of micro-pollutants into the environment must be avoided or as far as possible reduced. Much effort has already been devoted to improved treatment of sewage and raw drinking water. A comprehensive protection from aquatic micro-pollutants, however, cannot reside in water treatment technology alone. Instead, all components of the life cycle of these chemicals must be put to the table to turn around the current trend of increasing environmental loads. The goal of this report is to illustrate why a more comprehensive way of risk assessment is needed and what this should include.

scholarly journals Modeling How Community Assembly Alters the Functioning of Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Koffel ◽  
Colin T Kremer ◽  
K. Bannar-Martin ◽  
S.K. Morgan Ernest ◽  
Nico Eisenhauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Equilibrium Behavior ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Species Productivity ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Jena Experiment

AbstractAlthough the effects of species richness on ecosystem functioning have been extensively studied, there is increased interest in understanding how community assembly in a more general sense can alter the functioning of ecosystems. We identify two complementary approaches for evaluating how community assembly influences biomass production. The first quantifies the relative importance of complementarity and selection by contrasting monocultures with polycultures. The second identifies the effects of species replacements (losses and/or gains of species relative to the baseline polyculture) as well as the indirect effects on other species’ productivity. We compare and contrast these two approaches using simulated communities where species compete for different resource types and experience different levels of environmental heterogeneity and find that these metrics can jointly diagnose the mechanisms of competition driving productivity. We apply our methods to data from a long-term biodiversity-ecosystem experiment (the Jena Experiment) and find that the data do not correspond to any of the competition scenarios we modeled. We address two additional possible complications: facilitation by nitrogen fixing plants, and non-equilibrium behavior during community assembly, and find that facilitation/competition by nitrogen fixing plants is the more likely explanation for the results obtained at Jena.

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