Studies of vegetative compatibility–incompatibility in higher plants. V. A morphometric analysis of the development of a compatible and an incompatible graft

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2780-2787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Endomembrane System ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Wound Recovery ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Cellular Organelles

A morphometric analysis of graft development in (i) the compatible autograft in Sedum telephoides, and (ii) the incompatible heterograft between Sedum telephoides and Solanum pennellii was performed to characterize ultrastructural responses of grafting cells in compatible and incompatible unions. In the compatible autograft, relative volume of hyaloplasm (in the protoplasm) increases 750% by 3 days after grafting. This increase in hyaloplasmic volume is accompanied by a 61% decrease in relative volume of the vacuome during the same period. Relative volume of dictyosomes (in the protoplasm) increases fourfold during the first 8 h after grafting. Relative volumes of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, and nucleoli increase less dramatically during early stages of graft development. The time required to reestablish control (i.e., 0 h) volumes for these organelles is quite variable, ranging from 7 days for dictyosomes to 28 days for the vacuole and hyaloplasm. These results indicate that the intensity and duration of the responses of cellular components to the wound recovery associated with a compatible graft union are organelle specific. In the incompatible heterograft, the responses of all cellular organelles (except nuclei and components of the endomembrane system) are similar to that of the compatible autograft through the first 24 h after grafting. By 3 days after grafting, however, nuclei and components of the endomembrane system exhibit significantly lower relative volumes in the incompatible heterograft than in the compatible autograft. Therefore, nuclei and components of the endomembrane system are the first cellular components to exhibit signs of cellular incompatibility during graft formation in the incompatible heterograft between Sedum and Solanum.

A COMPARISON OF COMPUTERIZED IMAGE ANALYSIS AND STEREOLOGY AS TOOLS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ALGAL CELLS

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Fisher ◽  
Tamar Berner ◽  
Adiv Gal ◽  
Zvy Dubinsky
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Marine Alga ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Computerized Image Analysis ◽  
Analysis Package ◽  
Laborious Method

A computerized image analysis package (ImagePro+) was evaluated as an alternative method for morphometric analysis of electron micrographs of microalgal cells. The morphometric analysis was demonstrated with micrographs of the marine alga Nannochloropsis sp. grown under high and low light intensity. We applied the ImagePro+ package to estimate the relative volume of an organelle based on the ratio of perimeters of the organelle and the cell. The measurements included the volumes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, nuclei, vacuoles, and accumulation bodies, all relative to cell volume. The length of thylakoids was measured using the same package. The results obtained by ImagePro+ were compared to those of the traditional manual and laborious method involving the superimposition of an array of short lines on the micrograph. A high correlation between the methods was found. The following correlations were found for chloroplast, nucleus, and accumulation bodies: 0.96, 0.92, and 0.75, respectively. The correlation between length of thylakoids (ImagePro+) and surface area of thylakoids (superimposition) was 0.82.

The morphogenesis of avian tendon

1956 ◽  
Vol 144 (917) ◽  
pp. 556-572 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Intercellular Substance ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Development Proceeds

Observations by electron microscopy on thin sections of the metatarsal tendon of embryonic fowls show that in the 8-day embryo the earliest definable collagen fibrils of 80 Å in diameter are intimately associated with the cytoplasm of the compact, apparently syncytial, cells of which the tendon rudiment is composed. As development proceeds, some intracytoplasmic groups of fibrils are distinguishable, but intercellular spaces also develop and these gradually become filled with fibrils; finally, bundles are formed and lie packed between the adjacent cells. Soon the extracellular organization predominates until at 20days the average diameter of the fibrils is 400 Å and the normal 640 Å periodicity of collagen has been achieved. The morphological features demonstrated have been correlated with histochemical data, and the possible function of the various cellular components in the formation of the intercellular substance has been discussed. By the use of sections in which fibrils have been cut exactly transverse to the bundle axis it has been shown that each fibril is invested by interfibrillar material. As the diameter of the fibrils increases with age the relative volume of interfibrillar material within a bundle diminishes; it is therefore concluded that this material must contain either collagen or the necessary precursors in order to account for the enlargement of the fibrils. Thus the interfibrillar material is of fundamental importance to the formation and growth of the collagen fibrils.

Comparative morphometry of precompacted bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro after parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): ultrastructural analysis

Zygote ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
J. Pivko ◽  
V. Landa ◽  
E. Kubovičová ◽  
A. šupová ◽  
P. Grafenau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Parthenogenetic Activation ◽  
Cellular Volume ◽  
Cellular Components

Early bovine precompacted embryos (1 to 8 blastomeres) were analysed by electron microscopy. The volume density of cellular components was determined by morphometric analysis to quantify the ultrastructure of early bovine embryos produced either in vivo or in vitro both after fertilisation by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or from electrically stimulated oocytes (AC/DC). In normal embryos obtained in vivo (control), most of the cellular volume was occupied by cytoplasm (82.93%). The relative volume of lipids, vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and inclusion bodies was minimal. In the group of embryos after parthenogenetic activation (AC/DC) a relatively high proportion of the volume was occupied by vacuoles and lipids (18.68% vs 14.33%). Early ICSI-derived embryos contained the lowest relative volume of cytoplasm (58.33%) compared with the control embryos (in vivo) and parthenogenetically AC/DC-activated embryos and a higher volume was occupied by lipids (13.25%) and vacuoles (12.92%). It is concluded that in vitro produced embryos have a significantly altered ultrastructure, indicating extensive cellular damage.

Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). II. Intracellular distribution of organelles in columella cells

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Steven Ransom ◽  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Columella Cells ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots ◽  
Cellular Components

A morphometric analysis of the ultrastructures of columella cells in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was performed to determine the precise location of cellular components in these cells. Roots were fixed in situ to preserve the in vivo ultrastructure of the cells. All cellular components in columella cells of both types of roots were distributed asymmetrically. The nucleus and vacuome were located primarily in the middle third of both types of columella cells. Dictyosomes, mitochondria, and amyloplasts were most abundant in the lower third of the columella cells in both types of roots. The distribution of amyloplasts was the most asymmetrical of all cellular components examined, with the lower third of the columella cells containing approximately 90% of the relative volume of amyloplasts in both types of roots. The distribution of cellular components in columella cells of primary roots was not significantly different from that of columella cells of lateral roots. These results indicate that differences in georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots of P. vulgaris are probably due to factors other than the ultrastructures of their individual columella cells.

scholarly journals Investigation of the subcellular location of the tetrapyrrole-biosynthesis enzyme coproporphyrinogen oxidase in higher plants

1993 ◽  
Vol 292 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Smith ◽  
O Marsh ◽  
G H Elder
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Subcellular Location ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Radiochemical Method ◽  
Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Isotonic Buffer ◽  
Arum Maculatum ◽  
Cellular Organelles

The subcellular location of two enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for protoporphyrin IX, coproporphyrinogen (coprogen) oxidase (EC 1.3.3.3) and protoporphyrinogen (protogen) oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) has been investigated in etiolated pea (Pisum sativum) leaves and spadices of cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum). Plant tissue homogenized in isotonic buffer was subjected to subcellular fractionation to prepare mitochondria and plastids essentially free of contamination by other cellular organelles, as determined by marker enzymes. Protogen oxidase activity measured fluorimetrically was reproducibly found in both mitochondria and etioplasts. In contrast, coprogen oxidase could be detected only in etioplasts, using either a coupled fluorimetric assay or a sensitive radiochemical method. The implications of these results for the synthesis of mitochondrial haem in plants is discussed.

Reproduction of Antarctic flowering plants

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Convey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Deschampsia Antarctica ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Time Required

Reproductive allocation (reproductive biomass relative to vegetative biomass) and seed production were measured for samples of the two native phanerogams occurring in Antarctica. Material collected on South Georgia (subantarctic), Signy Island (northern maritime Antarctic) and Léonie Island (southern maritime Antarctic) allowed an initial comparison of reproduction over a wide latitudinal range. Sizes of vegetative and reproductive structures of Colobanthus quitensis were smaller in Signy Island samples than those from South Georgia or Léonie Island. This pattern was reflected in the pattern of seed production. Vegetative and reproductive structures of Deschampsia antarctica were generally similar in size at both maritime Antarctic sites, but larger at subantarctic South Georgia. Seed production was similar in each season assessed and at all three sites. In most samples of both species there were close relationships between reproductive and vegetative biomass, and seed output and reproductive biomass. Subantartic C. quitensis showed greater allocation to seed production than material from maritime Antarctic sites. D. antarctica showed the reverse pattern, with greater allocation to reproductive biomass and seed production in most samples of maritime Antarctic material, particularly those from Signy Island. Reproductive strategies do not form any specific adaptation to the Antarctic environment for these species. Reasons for the failure of other higher plants to become established in the maritime Antarctic are discussed, and it is concluded that geographical isolation is the main factor. The most important proximate factors influencing propagules which reach potential colonization sites are likely to be the short length and low temperature of the summer season in relation to the time required for establishment.

scholarly journals Updates on the applications of flow cytometry in microbiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-566
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Applied Microbiology ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Uncultured Microorganisms ◽  
Viability Markers

Flow cytometry (FCM) was first developed for medical and clinical applications such as hematology and oncology. Although these areas still account for the vast majority of publications on this technique, during the past few years it has been also introduced in other areas, such as optimization and monitoring of biotechnological and environmental processes, pharmacology, toxicology, bacteriology and virology. In the food and drinks industries, the time required for conventional microbiology tests can lead to substantial delays in product release to the market. FCM has been used in conjunction with viability markers for rapid counting of yeast, molds and bacterial cells, including foodborne pathogens and microbial contaminants, in food products as well as for monitoring and improving the final products quality. FCM is an excellent tool, still unexplored in clinical microbiology, allowing for detection of cellular and non-cellular components in different clinical specimens, the study of antimicrobial activity, allowing for rapid and direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing and for the investigation of resistance mechanisms. Recent FCM developments important for addressing questions in environmental microbiology include the study of microbial physiology under environmentally relevant conditions, the development of new methods to identify active microbial populations and to isolate previously uncultured microorganisms and of high-throughput autofluorescence bioreporter assays. Moreover, the technological advancements will make possible the miniaturisation and automation of FCM devices, allowing to revolutionize their applications in the near future. The purpose of this minireview is to update the current applications of FCM in different fields of applied microbiology, and to highlight the main advantages and pitfalls for each of them.

Brefeldin A affects the endomembrane system and vesicle trafficking in higher plants

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 192-193
Author(s):  
Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre ◽  
Jancy Henderson ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Kim Crooks ◽  
Mark Fricker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivative ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Endomembrane System ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Membrane Flow ◽  
Golgi Stack

In plant cells, as in animal cells, many macromolecules and membranes are transported by vesicle vectors through both the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. In order to elucidate the mechanisms and molecular events of such trafficking we are using a set of drugs known to perturb membrane flow in plant cells in combination with immunocytochemical studies using a bank of monoclonal antibodies to various components of the endomembrane system and cell surface. In animal cells, one such drug, Brefeldin A, a fungal fatty acid derivative which causes disruption of the Golgi apparatus, has recently been used as a tool to dissect the mechanisms of vesicle flow from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and down the cisternae of the Golgi stack (1). It has been demonstrated that BFA also has a dramatic effect on the Golgi apparatus in higher plant cells (2,3,4).In this paper we report on recent work on the disruption of the plant Golgi apparatus with BFA and the redistribution of endomembrane marker epitopes after drug treatment of roots and suspension culture cells.

Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 444 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hedden ◽  
Stephen G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Endomembrane System ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Lower Plants

The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized by the action of terpene cyclases, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases localized, respectively, in plastids, the endomembrane system and the cytosol. The concentration of biologically active GAs at their sites of action is tightly regulated and is moderated by numerous developmental and environmental cues. Recent research has focused on regulatory mechanisms, acting primarily on expression of the genes that encode the dioxygenases involved in biosynthesis and deactivation. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge on GA metabolism with particular emphasis on regulation, including the complex mechanisms for the maintenance of GA homoeostasis.

scholarly journals Nuclear localization of lactoferrin in the human granulocyte: Artifact incurred during slide preparation.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1157-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Briggs ◽  
M M Montiel ◽  
Z Wojtkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Neutrophilic Granulocytes ◽  
Slide Preparation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Cellular Organelles

Within the blood cells, lactoferrin is found only in the late stage neutrophilic granulocytes. Lactoferrin first appears in these cells during the myelocyte stage of development coincidentally with the specific or secondary granules. Most investigators report a cytoplasmic immunocytochemical localization reaction within the granulocyte. However, others have observed a prominent nuclear localization reaction. Treating the cells with certain fixatives was shown to prevent the relocation of lactoferrin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus when the localization was done on granulocytes prepared by smearing. The present study demonstrated that the relocation of lactoferrin is only a problem when cells were smeared or cytocentrifuged onto slides or fractionated for the purpose of isolating cellular organelles. Under these conditions the selection of fixative is an important consideration. Exposing isolated lactoferrin to a fixative effective in retaining lactoferrin in the cytoplasm of granulocytes smeared on slides did not alter a number of its physical properties. The results suggest that maintenance of the normal cytoarchitecture or effect of fixative on other cellular components prevents the relocation of lactoferrin within the cell during tissue processing and the direct action of fixation on lactoferrin is probably not responsible for this effect.

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