3-Nitropropionic acid and 3-nitro-1-propanol in species of Astragalus

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1956-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
3 Nitropropionic Acid

Leaves of nitro-bearing species of Astragalus collected from North American and European herbaria were analyzed for types of toxic aliphatic nitro compounds. The nitro compounds were extracted and hydrolized to 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) or 3-nitro-1-propanol (3-NPOH) and identified by thin-layer chromatography. Species of Astragalus were chemotaxonomically related within taxonomic sections relative to synthesis of 3-NPA or 3-NPOH. All species of Astragalus in 19 Old World and 21 North American taxonomic sections synthesized nitro compounds that yielded 3-NPA upon hydrolysis while 3-NPOH was found upon hydrolysis in species of 5 Old World and 10 North American taxonomic sections. Therefore, one could predict the presence of 3-NPA or 3-NPOH in species within entire taxonomic sections based on the analysis of one or two species within a section. South American species yielded predominately 3-NPOH. These data are useful for taxonomic classification of Astragalus, for preventing international exchange of germplasm of poisonous species of Astragalus, and for diagnostic purposes in livestock poisoning.

Nitro Compounds in Foreign Species ofAstragalus

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Aliphatic Nitro Compounds ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
Foreign Species ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Leaflets of 1690 species of Old World and South AmericanAstragaluscollected from herbaria at Kew, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Munich, Germany; and Vienna, Austria were analyzed qualitatively for toxic aliphatic nitro compounds. The catabolites of nitro compounds found in species ofAstragalus(nitro-bearing), 3-nitro-1-propanol and 3-nitropropionic acid, are especially toxic to cattle and sheep. A total of 190 of 1624 (12%) Old World species, 30 of66(45%) South American species, and a single species of oneAstragalussubgenus were positive for nitro compounds. Most Old World species that contained aliphatic nitro compounds were collected in the Middle East and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Nitro compounds were detected in specimens of eight species collected between 1822 and 1836. The nitro-bearing species were chemotaxonomically related and grouped within taxonomic sections. The presence of two or three nitro-bearing species within a section indicated that other species within the same section might also be nitro-bearing.

Toxicological investigations on Astragalus hamosus and Astragalus sesameus

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
Aliphatic Nitro Compounds ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
3 Nitropropionic Acid

Astragalus hamosus L. and Astragalus sesameus L. were examined for the presence and type of aliphatic nitro compounds and for their toxicity to 1 -week-old chicks. A. hamosus leaves assayed 10 to 11 mg of NO2 g-1 in compounds that yielded 3-nitropropionic acid upon hydrolysis. Water extracts of A. hamosus leaves were toxic to chicks at the equivalent of 3 g of dried plant per chick, and lethal at 6 to 8 g. A. sesameus did not contain nitro compounds and was non-toxic to chicks.

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA

1886 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Aug. R. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
The South ◽  
Old World ◽  
The North

Again, the genera Citheronia and Eacles are a South American element in our fauna, while the typical Attacinæ, such as Actias, probably belong to the Old World element in our fauna, together with all our Platypteryginœ. Among the Hawk Moths the genera Philampelus and Phlegethontius are of probable South American extraction, though represented now by certain strictly North American species. Mr. Robert Bunker, writing from Rochester, N. Y., records the fact that Philampelus Pandorus, going into chrysaiis Augnst 1, came out Sept. 10 as a moth, showing that in a warmer climate the species would become doublebrooded. And this is undoubtedly the case with many species the farther we go South, where insect activities are not interrupted so long and so strictly by the cold of winter. Since the continuance of the pupal condition is influenced by cold, a diminishing seasonal temperature for ages may have originally affected, if not induced, the transformations of insects as a whole. Butterflies and Moths which are single brooded in the North become double brooded in the South.

CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON NEW WORLD SPECIES OF ANEMONE (SECTION ERIOCEPHALUS) WITH TUBEROUS ROOTSTOCKS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 899-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecily Joseph ◽  
Margaret Heimburger
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
South American ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
North And South

The American species of Anemone L. (section Eriocephalus Hook. f. & Thoms.) with tuberous rootstocks were studied by biosystematic methods. Anemone caroliniana Walt., A. heterophylla Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, A. tuberosa Rydb., and A. edwardsiana Tharp (tentatively) are recognized from North America and A. decapetala Ard., A. triternata Vahl, and A. cicutifolia Johnst. from South America. Karyotypes of the diploid species (2n = 16), A. heterophylla, A. tuberosa, A. decapetala, and A. triternata are described. They resemble the karyotype of A. caroliniana published earlier. Anemone edwardsiana and A. cicutifolia are also presumed diploid from stomatal and pollen grain studies. A new taxon (2n = 32), of undecided status, was obtained from Chile. North American plants included by authors in A. decapetala are here referred to A. heterophylla. The North and South American species appear to form two separate groups, the species of each continent being more closely related among themselves than to those of the other continent. Fewer stomata, larger chromosome size, and higher DNA content are characteristic of the North American species. Additional support for the separation of the two groups derives from limited meiotic studies which indicate a larger number of inversion differences in inter- than in intra-continental hybrids.

Notes on the classification of the tribe Scolytini (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Anatomical Characters

Following an evaluation of the anatomical characters and habits of the Scolytini, four genera are recognised, namely Scolytus Geoffroy, Scolytopsis Blandford, Camptocerus Dejean, and Cnemonyx Eichhoff (=Loganius Chapuis, Ceratolepis Chapuis, Coptosomus Schedl, syn. n.). Two South American species, Camptocerus aquilus and C. rectus, having an ambrosial habit, are described as new.

scholarly journals Embryo implantation during the short luteal phase of the corn mouse, Calomys musculinus, and the apparent lack of a lactational diapause in South American murid rodents

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
OL Buzzio ◽  
A Koninckx ◽  
NB Carreno ◽  
A Castro-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
South American ◽  
Embryonic Diapause ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
The North ◽  
Calomys Musculinus ◽  
Murid Rodents

As the corn mouse, Calomys musculinus, has a short luteal phase (2-3 days) that is not prolonged after copulation, it was hypothesized that (i) implantation would occur at the end of this phase, that is, earlier than it occurs in most murid species that have been studied, and (ii) a lactational embryonic diapause would not occur during the luteal phase. These hypotheses were tested in females that had copulated during postpartum oestrus and were either lactating or not lactating. Data were recorded from day 3 to day 5 of pregnancy (day 1 = day after coitus), at both 03:00-05:00 h and 17:00-19:00 h. Evidence of implantation in both non-lactating and lactating animals was apparent at 03:00-05:00 h on day 4 (endometrial 'blue reaction' in all cases and failure to recover free uterine embryos in some cases) and implantation swellings appeared within 24 h in both groups. In another experiment, the increase in duration of interbirth intervals in continuously mated females and their correlation with the number of suckling young were compared among C. musculinus, C. laucha, Akodon molinae (South American murid species) and Peromyscus maniculatus (a North American murid in which a lactational embryonic diapause has been shown). The results were indicative of a lactational embryonic diapause in the North American species, but not in the South American species. It was concluded that in C. musculinus (i) implantation occurs at the end of the spontaneous luteal phase, and (ii) that a lactational embryonic diapause does not occur: the absence of a lactational embryonic diapause may be common to other South American murid rodents.

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