Distribution and variation in growth of Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus on the Canadian prairies

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1938-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers ◽  
Jennifer M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Size ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Mud Flat ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Scirpus Maritimus ◽  
Upper Slope

Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus occurs in saline lakes in the prairie and parkland regions of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Its distribution within wetlands is dependent upon the degree of salinity during germination and seedling establishment. In hypersaline wetlands, S. maritimus is found only on a narrow band on the upper slope of the basin; as these wetlands become dry, only the upper slope has mud flat salinities low enough to allow successful germination. In wetlands of the saline category, S. maritimus occurs over a broad area of the upper and middle slope, and in moderately saline wetlands it is usually outcompeted by freshwater species but may dominate the centre of the basin in low-water years. Canonical-correlation analysis of S. maritimus growth variables in 24 sites in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta showed a large phenotypic growth response to different environmental conditions. On dry and highly saline sites, S. maritimus tubers developed short, and in most cases nonflowering, stems. In shallow water and reduced salinity, individual stems were larger and stem density and above-and below-ground biomass were at a maximum. In water greater than 40 cm deep and with low salinities, individual stems and inflorescences reached maximum size, but the much lower stem density resulted in reduced total biomass. Seed production was also influenced by the previous year's water levels. At those sites which were dry and then flooded the next year, more stems flowered and inflorescences were larger than at sites which had been flooded continuously the previous year.

Seasonal growth and standing crop of Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus in Saskatchewan

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers ◽  
Jennifer M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Scirpus Maritimus

Shoots of Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus sprout from overwintered tubers in May. Stem growth is rapid and within 2–3 weeks lateral rhizomes extend outwards and produce tillers with new tubers at their bases. By August up to four new shoots are produced in a rhizome–shoot series. All aboveground biomass is dead by late October but tubers overwinter to develop the following growing season. The ratio of below- to above-ground biomass of the rhizome–shoot series increased from 0.20 to 0.76 from early to late summer. The ratio of below- to above-ground biomass of individual stems was highest at the youngest end of the rhizome–shoot series.Stem density and inflorescence and total biomass were monitored at three sites over three growing seasons. The sites had large fluctuations in salinity in response to changes in water depth. Among all sites, maximum stem density reached 380 stems/m2 by late July, slightly before the maximum standing crop of 625 g/m2 was attained. At one site, changes in water levels and salinity increased the peak aboveground standing crop 22-fold (from 27 to 600 g/m2) from 1978 to 1979. A mathematical equation predicting the seasonal aboveground standing crop of S. maritimus was developed using water depth and conductivity as predictor variables.

The effects of water level on the growth and reproduction of Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers ◽  
J. M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Underground Biomass ◽  
Scirpus Maritimus ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effects of water depth on the growth and reproduction of Scirpus maritimus L. Plants grown at or above the water surface had higher shoot survivorship, greater numbers of vegetative tillers, and higher underground biomass, while seed production was small. With increasing water depth plants had taller shoots and greater seed production but total biomass, numbers of vegetative tillers, and underground biomass were reduced. This shift from clonal growth to seed production with increasing water depth is interpreted as a strategy that permits survival of S. maritimus populations through the wet and dry climatic periods of the Canadian prairies.

scholarly journals Effect of thinning intensity on understory herbaceous diversity and biomass in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Changbai Mountain

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerong Wang ◽  
Yue Sun ◽  
Mo Zhou ◽  
Naiqian Guan ◽  
Yuwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Herb Layer ◽  
Simpson Index ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Understory Herb

Abstract Background Herbs are an important part of the forest ecosystem, and their diversity and biomass can reflect the restoration of vegetation after forest thinning disturbances. Based on the near-mature secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province Forestry Experimental Zone, this study analyzed seasonal changes of species diversity and biomass of the understory herb layer after different intensities of thinning. Results The results showed that although the composition of herbaceous species and the ranking of importance values were affected by thinning intensity, they were mainly determined by seasonal changes. Across the entire growing season, the species with the highest importance values in thinning treatments included Carex pilosa, Aegopodium alpestre, Meehania urticifolia, and Filipendula palmata, which dominated the herb layer of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The number of species, Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index all had their highest values in May, and gradually decreased with months. Pielou index was roughly inverted “N” throughout the growing season. Thinning did not increase the species diversity. Thinning can promote the total biomass, above- and below-ground biomass. The number of plants per unit area and coverage were related to the total biomass, above- and below-ground biomass. The average height had a significantly positive correlation with herb biomass in May but not in July. However, it exerted a significantly negative correlation with herb biomass in September. The biomass in the same month increased with increasing thinning intensity. Total herb biomass, above- and below-ground biomass showed positive correlations with Shannon-Winner index, Simpson index and Pielou evenness index in May. Conclusions Thinning mainly changed the light environment in the forest, which would improve the plant diversity and biomass of herb layer in a short time. And different thinning intensity had different effects on the diversity of understory herb layer. The findings provide theoretical basis and reference for reasonable thinning and tending in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests.

scholarly journals ESTOQUES DE BIOMASSA E NUTRIENTES EM TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE Parkia EM PLANTIOS JOVENS SOBRE ÁREA DEGRADADA NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Karen C.P. da Costa ◽  
João B.S. Ferraz ◽  
Rodrigo P. Bastos ◽  
Tatiane Da S. Reis ◽  
Marciel J. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Forest ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Degraded Area ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
O 10 ◽  
Harvest Method

As estratégias de distribuição de biomassa e nutrientes utilizadas pelas espécies florestais podem refletir sua capacidade de sobrevivência em plantios sobre áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar os estoques de biomassa e nutrientes nos compartimentos arbóreos de Parkia multijuga, Parkia nitida e Parkia pendula em plantios sobre área degradada em Manaus, AM. A biomassa foi determinada pelo método destrutivo em seis árvores de cada espécie, que foram compartimentadas em: folhas, galhos finos (Ø <10 cm), galhos grossos (Ø ≥10 cm), fuste, raízes médias (2 mm ≤ Ø <5 cm) e raízes grossas (Ø ≥5 cm). Aos quatro anos, Parkia multijuga exibiu 60% do total de biomassa nos compartimentos aéreos e 40% nos subterrâneos. Parkia nitida exibiu 84% nos compartimentos aéreos e apenas 16% nos subterrâneos. Parkia pendula exibiu 67% nos compartimentos aéreos e 33% nos subterrâneos. A ordem de acúmulo de macronutrientes nos compartimentos foi: N > Ca > K > Mg > P. O fato de Parkia multijuga adotar estratégias de alocação de biomassa e nutrientes que favorecerão seu desempenho sobre sítios com baixa disponibilidade de recursos sustenta sua indicação para a composição de programas de reflorestamento em áreas degradadas na Amazônia.Palavras-chave: Espécies florestais nativas; nutrição florestal; reflorestamento; restauração. AbstractBiomass and nutrients in three species of Parkia plantings on degraded area in Central Amazon. Biomass and nutrients partitioning strategies in tree species may reflect their ability to survive in plantations on degraded areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the content of biomass and nutrients in tree components of Parkia multijuga, Parkia nitida and Parkia pendula on plantings in degraded area in Manaus, AM. The biomass was determined by the harvest method in six trees of each species, which were subdivided into leaves, fine branches (Ø < 10 cm), coarse branches (Ø ≥10 cm), stem wood, medium roots (≤ 2 mm Ø < 5 cm ) and coarse roots (Ø ≥ 5 cm). At 4 years, Parkia multijuga allocated 60% of the total biomass to above-ground components and 40% to below-ground. Parkia nitida allocated 84% to above-ground and 16% to below-ground. Parkia pendula allocated 67% to above-ground components and 33% to below-ground. The order of the nutrient accumulation in tree compartments was: N > Ca > K > Mg > P. Parkia multijuga, by adopting better strategies of distribution of biomass and nutrients, it is a recommended species for reforestation programs on degraded sites in the Amazon.Keywords: Native forest species; forest nutrition; reforestation; restoration.

Growth Characteristics of Three Macrophyte Species Growing in a Natural and Constructed Wetland System

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Adcock ◽  
G. G. Ganf
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Natural Wetland ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Standing Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

Total, above and below ground biomass, growth, and tissue nutrient concentration of three species growing in two contrasting environments (a horizontal flow, constructed wetland fed tertiary effluent at Bolivar, South Australia, and a natural wetland, Bool Lagoon, south-eastern South Australia) were compared to determine relative performance of each species. Overall Baumea articulata and Phragmites australis performed poorly in trenches compared with natural wetland. Total biomass was 4.0 and 2.7, compared with 7.7 and 10.9 kg/m2 however, above ground (AG)/below ground (BG) ratios were similar at both locations (1 (Baum) and 0.42(Phrag)). Below ground mass was restricted to the top 25cm in the trenches but penetrated to &gt; 50cm in the natural wetland. Phragmites showed a marked decline in standing biomass during the winter period in both environments but Baumea increased standing biomass in the trenches. Although the mean tissue nutrient concentrations of N and P for plants grown in trenches were higher than their natural counterparts [3.18(Baum), 2.56(Phrag) vs. 0.68(Baum), 0.49(Phrag) mg P/g DWt.; 12.99(Baum), 23.06(Phrag) vs. 5.39(Baum), 8.92(Phrag) mg N/g DWt.], this was offset by the lower biomass of the plants in the trenches. In contrast, the semi-emergent Triglochin procerum performed exceptionally well in the trenches, compared with the other species, and with itself growing in Bool Lagoon. Total biomass was 15.4 kg/m2, AG/BG ratio was 6. Triglochin continued to grow vigorously throughout the winter and had a mean tissue concentration of 5.19 mg P, 22.63 mg N and 368 C/g dry weight. These data suggest that the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by harvesting was 5 times higher for Triglochin than for Baumea or Phragmites in the trenches. The nitrogen concentrations in Triglochin suggest a protein content of 16–18% which compares favourably with lucerne.

Reducing rainfall amount has a greater negative effect on the productivity of grassland plant species than reducing rainfall frequency

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor V. J. Gibson-Forty ◽  
Kirk L. Barnett ◽  
David T. Tissue ◽  
Sally A. Power
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Rainfall Frequency ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Grassland Productivity ◽  
Manipulation Experiment

The productivity of semiarid Australian grassland ecosystems is currently limited by water availability and may be impacted further by predicted changes in rainfall regimes associated with climate change. In this study, we established a rainfall manipulation experiment to determine the effects of reduced frequency (RF; 8 days between water events) and reduced magnitude (RM; 50% reduction in amount) of rainfall events on the physiology and above- and below-ground growth of five grassland plant species with differing traits. Native C4 grasses exhibited the highest productivity in well watered, control (Cont) conditions, as well as in RF and RM treatments. The RF treatment generally had little effect on total biomass, rooting distributions or photosynthesis, suggesting species were relatively tolerant of reduction in the frequency of rainfall events. However, the RM treatment had a negative effect on total biomass and physiology, and generally resulted in a shift towards shallower rooting profiles. Overall, the reduction in biomass was greater in RM than RF, suggesting that rainfall magnitude may be a more important determinant of grassland productivity and composition than the frequency of rainfall events under future climates.

scholarly journals Impact of artificially simulated precipitation patterns change on the growth and morphology of Reaumuria soongarica seedlings in Hexi Corridor of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Yanfei Xie ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Tingting Xie ◽  
Ruiling Meng ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Desert Plants ◽  
Radial Density ◽  
Precipitation Frequency ◽  
Simulated Precipitation ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Precipitation Changes

Climate change has altered the existing pattern of precipitation and has an important impact on the resistance and adaptability of desert plants. However, the interactive impact and the main characteristics of changes in precipitation amount and precipitation frequency on desert plants are unclear. Reaumuria soongarica seedlings were treated by artificially simulating changes in precipitation (30% reduction and 30% increase) and its frequency (50% reduction). We first introduced three morphological indicators (i.e., main root length/plant height ratio (RHR), above-ground radial density (ARD), and below−ground radial density (BRD)) and drew an abstract figure of seedling growth. This experiment confirmed the following: (1) The increase in precipitation noticeably increased the plant height, above-ground biomass, and total biomass of seedlings. (2) The plant height and the biomass of seedlings were more affected by precipitation amount than by precipitation frequency. No interaction was found between precipitation amount and precipitation frequency on the growth of seedlings. (3) The response of RHR to precipitation changes was extremely significant, increasing with decreasing precipitation and vice versa. (4) The ARD first increased then remained constant as precipitation increased, while ARD first decreased and then increased with decreasing precipitation. When precipitation increases, the BRD increases and the root system becomes relatively thicker and shorter, and vice versa. In this regard, R. soongarica seedlings mainly adapt to their resource supply by adjusting plant height, root length, thickness and biomass.

Effects of grazing and depth on two wetland plant species

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Blanch ◽  
MA Brock
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
New South ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Total Plant

Wetland plants in Llangothlin Lagoon, northern New South Wales, are subject to grazing and trampling by cattle, sheep and waterbirds and to fluctuating water levels. Myriophyllum variifolium J. Hooker, an aquatic dicotyledon with dispersed meristems, exhibited different morphological changes to the emergent monocotyledon Eleocharis acuta R. Br, under simulated and natural grazing at different water depths. Responses were principally determined by position and number of meristems. Growth point production (numbers of shoots and branches) increased under light, frequent clipping (25% every 14 or 7 days) in non-submerged plants only. Node production, total plant or shoot length, and above- and below-ground biomass decreased under similar clipping treatments. E. acuta did not increase shoot production or above-ground biomass under any clipping treatment, and only for the lightest clipping treatment (clipped once to 7 cm when non-submerged) was no decrease in total shoot length observed. More intense and frequent clipping treatments and submersion to 15 cm prevented both species from replacing lost tissues. Interaction between clipping and submersion occurred in both species, indicating that growth responses are complex. The distribution and abundance of the two species reflect the greater tolerance of M. variifolium than E. acuta to grazing and inundation. Low intensities of cattle and sheep grazing may be beneficial by increasing species diversity.

scholarly journals Allometric equations for total, above- and below-ground biomass and carbon of the Amazonian forest type known as campinarana

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia P.I.B. WOORTMANN ◽  
Niro HIGUCHI ◽  
Joaquim dos SANTOS ◽  
Roseana P. da SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Biomass Equations ◽  
Below Ground

ABSTRACT The Amazon forest comprises many different forest types, amongst them are campinas and campinaranas, which occur on Amazonian sandy soils, representing 2.65% of Amazonian territory. An understanding of the ecology and quantification of the environmental goods and services of campinaranas is key to their conservation. Based on a direct method to estimate biomass and carbon content of campinarana, we harvested and weighted 89 trees and other forest components in ten randomly allocated plots of 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) and 11 additional trees outside the plots. The data allowed us to describe how biomass is distributed amongst campinarana vegetation and amongst tree compartments. We developed allometric equations to estimate the total, above- and below-ground biomass and carbon stock of this forest type. We used a Weibull function to test if the diameter distribution of the individual trees sampled was consistent with the diameter distribution of the forest type. We also tested if terra-firme forest biomass equations could be used to estimate campinarana biomass, and whether a correction factor based on dominant height would reduce the error from these estimates. Allometric equations are considered to be the most reliable and rapid method for calculating forest biomass, and are used in forest management and climate change studies. These are the first total biomass equations developed for central Amazonian campinaranas. The best fitted allometric equation for total fresh biomass was: ln (Total Biomass) = -1.373 + 2.546 * ln DBH (R ² = 0.98, Sxy% = 4.19%).

Uncertainties and constraints on breaching and their implications for flood loss estimation

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1831) ◽  
pp. 1423-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Muir Wood ◽  
William Bateman
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The North ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Inland Flooding ◽  
Crest Height

Around the coasts of the southern North Sea, flood risk is mediated everywhere by the performance of natural and man-made flood defences. Under the conditions of extreme surge with tide water levels, the performance of the defences determines the extent of inland flooding. Sensitivity tests reveal the enormous increase in the volume of water that can pass through a defence once breaching is initiated, with a 1 m reduction in sill elevation doubling the loss. Empirical observations of defence performance in major storm surges around the North Sea reveal some of the principal controls on breaching. For the same defence type, the maximum size and depth of a breach is a function of the integral of the hydraulic gradient across the defence, which is in turn determined by the elevation of the floodplain and the degree to which water can continue to flow inland away from the breach. The most extensive and lowest floodplains thereby ‘generate’ the largest breaches. For surges that approach the crest height, the weaker the protection of the defence, the greater the number of breaches. Defence reinforcement reduces both the number and size of the breaches.

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