The effect of a water stress on the cold hardiness of winter wheat

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1717-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Tyler ◽  
L. V. Gusta ◽  
D. B. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential

Crowns of winter wheat plants water stressed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (molecular weight 20 000) prior to hardening were more cold hardy than tender crowns or crowns hardened for 2 days (p ≤ 0.05). After 16 days of hardening, plants from all treatments reached the same level of hardiness. Winter wheat crowns water stressed with PEG (210 g/L) for either 0,5, or 21 days reached the same level of hardiness after 2 days of acclimation. In both short- and long-term stress studies, the crown moisture content of the stressed plants was lower (p ≤ 0.05) than that of the controls prior to acclimation. With increasing hardiness both leaf osmotic potential and crown moisture content decreased (p ≤ 0.05). Short-term water stress also resulted in an increase in sugars, specifically sucrose (p ≤ 0.05) prior to cold hardening. However the total sugar content did not parallel the increase in hardiness.Changes in several metabolic parameters were also considered. Significant correlations were found in both studies between the LT50 and osmotic potential, moisture content, and dry weight. Most of the variability in LT50 could be explained by changes in leaf osmotic potential and crown moisture content.

DEHARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE UNDER SPRING FIELD CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Changes in cold hardiness (LT50), fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were measured on crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) taken from the field at weekly intervals in the spring of 1973 and 1974 at Saskatoon, Sask. In all trials, Frontier rye came out of the winter with superior cold hardiness and maintained a higher level of hardiness during most of the dehardening period. For cultivars of both species, rapid dehardening did not occur until the ground temperature at crown depth remained above 5 C for several days. Changes in crown moisture content tended to increase during dehardening. Over this same period crown dry weight increased for winter rye but did not show a consistent pattern of change for winter wheat. Two test sites were utilized in 1974. One site was protected by trees and the other was exposed. General patterns of dehardening were similar for these two sites, but cultivar winter field survival potentials were reflected only by LT50 ratings for the exposed test site. The influence of fall seeding date on spring dehardening was also investigated. Late-seeded wheat plots did not survive the winter in all trials. However, where there was winter survival, no differences in rate of dehardening due to seeding date were observed.

COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT TILLERS ACCLIMATED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. LEGGE ◽  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cold Hardy

The cold hardiness of tillers separated from the plant immediately before freezing (CTM) or left intact on the crown (ICM) was determined by artificial freeze tests on two sampling dates for four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated in the field. Plants with 9 and 13 tillers excluding coleoptile tillers were selected in mid-October and at the end of October, respectively. No differences in lethal dose temperature (LT50) were detected among CTM or ICM tillers sampled in mid-October. The three youngest CTM tillers sampled at the end of October were less cold hardy than older tillers. However, younger CTM tillers did not survive the unfrozen control treatment as well as older tillers. ICM tillers sampled at the end of October had the same LT50 except for one of the older tillers. No correlation was found between either the moisture content or dry weight and the LT50 of tillers. Winter survival of tillers was evaluated for two cultivars in the spring. Tillers of intermediate age and two of the youngest tillers had the highest survival rates. Tiller regeneration from axillary buds rather than the apical meristem occurred following cold stress and was negatively correlated to tiller emergence date. It was concluded that differences in cold hardiness among tillers must be taken into consideration if tillers are utilized to estimate the LT50 of a plant.Key words: Cold hardiness, tillers, winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., developmental stage, moisture content

scholarly journals Metabolic Variation among Fruits of Different Chili Cultivars (Capsicum spp.) Using HPLC/MS

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Tilen Zamljen ◽  
Aljaž Medič ◽  
Robert Veberič ◽  
Metka Hudina ◽  
Jerneja Jakopič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
Organic Acid Content ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Chilies are widely cultivated for their rich metabolic content, especially capsaicinoids. In our study, we determined individual sugars, organic acids, capsaicinoids, and total phenolic content in pericarp, placenta, and seeds of Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq. and Capsicum baccatum L. by HPLC/MS. Dry weight varied in the cultivar ‘Cayenne’, with the first fruit having the lowest dry weight, with 4.14 g. The total sugar content and organic acid content did not vary among the fruits of all three cultivars. The cultivar ‘Cayenne’ showed differences in total phenolic and capsaicinoid content between fruits in the placenta, with the first fruit having the highest content of total phenolics (27.85 g GAE/kg DW) and total capsaicinoids (16.15 g/kg DW). Of the three cultivars studied, the cultivar ‘Habanero Orange’ showed the least variability among fruits in terms of metabolites. The content of dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, and homodihydrocapsaicin in the seeds of the second fruit was higher than that of the first fruit of the cultivar ‘Bishop Crown’. The results of our study provided significant insight into the metabolomics of individual fruits of the same chili plant. We have thus increased our understanding of how certain metabolites are distributed between fruits at different levels of the same plant and different parts of the fruit. This could be further investigated when chilies are exposed to different environmental stresses.

scholarly journals Composition of Four Potato Cultivars in Relation to Cold Storage and Reconditioning

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Okeyo ◽  
Mosbah M. Kushad
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Sugar Content

`Atlantic', `BelRus', `Kennebec', and `Superior' potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) were evaluated for ascorbic acid, soluble protein, and sugar content (reducing and nonreducing) at harvest, after 6 weeks of storage at 3C, and after 2 weeks of reconditioning at 25C. At harvest, ascorbic acid and soluble protein contents varied among the cultivars, with `Superior' containing the highest ascorbic acid (154 mg/100 g dry weight) and soluble protein content (46.4 mg·g−1 dry weight). Cold storage resulted in a drastic reduction (±50%) in ascorbic acid content in all four cultivars. Ascorbic acid also decreased during reconditioning of tubers, but the reduction was less than during cold storage. In contrast, soluble protein contents were not influenced significantly by cold storage or reconditioning, except for `BelRus' and `Kennebec', which had less protein after reconditioning. At harvest, glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents were at similar levels in all cultivars, except for fructose in `Kennebec', which was more than 2-fold higher. `Kennebec' also had a significantly lower specific gravity than the other cultivars. However, unlike the other cultivars, reconditioning of `Kennebec' tubers did not affect its specific gravity or total sugar content. Data suggest that `Kennebec's' poor processing quality may have resulted from a combination of low specific gravity and high total sugar content.

scholarly journals Improving quality of dragon fruit (hylocereus costaricensis) syrup by processing with double jacket vacuum evaporator

2021 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
B Susilo ◽  
S M Sutan ◽  
Y Hendrawan ◽  
R Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Dragon Fruit

Abstract Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) is a famous fruit because of its high nutritional content. Although the product diversification of red dragon fruit is quite a lot, however, this product has limited information as a syrup product. The evaporation process for making syrup at the traditional level is usually carried out at high temperatures which results in the high destruction of nutritional content and reduces the quality of syrup. The study of the evaporation process at low temperature and low pressure using a double jacket vacuum evaporator for manufacturing red dragon fruit syrup was conducted in this research in order to improve product quality. The aims of this study are to evaluate the effect of temperature process and vacuum pressure on the quality of red dragon fruit (H.costaricensis) syrup using a double jacket vacuum evaporator and to know the optimum temperature process and vacuum pressure to producing red dragon fruit sirup with higher content of vitamin C. The double jacket evaporator operates at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure so that there were 9 treatment combinations. The result showed the temperature gave a highly significant effect, especially on vitamin C. It also gave on moisture content and reducing sugar. The temperature gave no significant effect on total sugar content. Whereas, the pressure gave a significant on moisture content, but not gave a significant on vitamin C, reducing sugar content and total sugar content. However, the best treatment for optimum vitamin C is 50 0C/-60 cmHg with 8.75 mg/100 ml.

Effects of drought stress on the water relations in Brassica species

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen G. Good ◽  
James L. Maclagan
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Effects Of Drought

The physiological responses of different species of Brassica to induced drought stress were studied by analysing the relationships between relative water content, leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential during the onset of drought stress. These data indicate that while there was a decrease in leaf osmotic potential with the onset of drought stress, this did not result from a net increase in solutes. Therefore, these genotypes of Brassica do not appear able to osmoregulate under these drought conditions. Key words: Brassica, drought, osmoregulation, water stress

Evidence for Osmotic Adjustment in Phalaris tuberosa L. cvv. Australian and Sirosa

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.Y Sambo ◽  
M.J Aston
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential

The temperate pasture grass Phalaris tuberosa L. (cvv. Australian and Sirosa) was grown in soil under glasshouse conditions. When water was withheld, leaf xylem potential (�) decreased at the rate of 0.02 and 0.05 MPa per day in cvv. Australian and Sirosa, respectively, between 7 and 17 days, and reached a dawn value -0.25 (� 0.02) MPa and -0.56 (�0.08) MPa in the respective cultivars. These plants were moderately stressed. Between 17 and 23 days, when the experiment was terminated, stress developed more rapidly and � at dawn reached final values of -2.1 (�0.09) and -2.2 (�0.08) MPa in Australian and Sirosa phalaris, respectively. These plants were severely stressed. The leaf osmotic potential (��) decreased at similar rates as � in the stressed plants, thus maintaining the turgor potential (�*p) relatively constant with increasing water stress. Osmotic adjustment (��100/�) was judged by comparing �� at full turgor (�100/�) in stressed plants which had been rewetted, with �100/� of control unstressed plants. ��100/� of moderately stressed plants was 0.46 and 0.48 MPa in Australian and Sirosa phalaris, respectively. In severely stressed plants, the respective ��100/� values were 0.67 and 0.85 MPa.

The Chemical Analysis of S.kjellmanianum in Shandong Peninsula

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1884-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Wei Wei Ma ◽  
Ge Fei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Shandong Peninsula ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Components Analysis

Sargassum kjellmanianumianum was collected in Yangma Island of Yantai, Long Island and Qingdao, respectively. Chemical components analysis was conducted. The results show that proteins, carbohydrates and mineral elements are the main nutrition composition of the S.kjellmanianumianum in the three areas. Among them the crude protein content is in scope for 11.70% to 15.09%. The total sugar content is not high, occupying only 16.47% to 26.42% of the dry weight. The content of the mineral element of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe is very high. Fatty acids of C16 and C18 are predominant fatty acids, accounting for about half of the total fatty acids. Amino acid content ranges from 13.08% to 15.19%, and the content of the aspartic acid, glutamic acid, valine and alanine is rich, and each is higher than 1%. There are a variety of essential nutrients of human body in the Sargassum kjellmanianumianum, which are valuable to be researched and exploited.

INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE, WATER AND N ON LEAF WATER RELATIONS IN NO-TILL WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. ENTZ ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
N Additions

Field studies were established at four locations in 1985 and 1986 to study the physiological responses of two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under different water and nitrogen regimes. Measurements of leaf water potential (ψ1), osmotic potential (π) and leaf conductance (g1) were made on individual leaves at regular intervals throughout the growing season. Values of ψ1 ranged from −1.0 to −4.5 MPa, indicating that winter wheat in Saskatchewan experiences moderate to extreme levels of water stress. Leaf ψ1 levels generally decreased as evaporative demand for water increased. Osmotic potential values ranged from −1.0 to −4.0 MPa while ψp (calculated as ψp = ψ1 − π) ranged from −0.4 to 0.9 MPa. Despite strong osmotic adjustment in response to stress, positive ψp was not always maintained. Additional water through limited irrigation increased both ψ1 and π but did not significantly affect ψp. Fertilizer N additions consistently decreased both ψ1, and π, and in some cases ψp levels. The tall cultivar Norstar displayed greater turgor maintenance than the semidwarf cultivar Norwin under both stress and nonstress conditions. Leaf conductance ranged from approximately 0.04 – 1.10 cm s−1 and was higher in irrigated plots. Fertilizer N additions often decreased g1 per unit area of leaf. On a leaf area basis, g1 for Norwin at high N levels was often greater than for Norstar. However, similar g1 vs. ψ1 responses for Norwin and Norstar indicated a similar stomatal response to increased water stress for these cultivars.Key words: Drought stress, nitrogen, leaf conductance, turgor potential

scholarly journals Physiochemical Quality and Sensory Characteristics of koji Made with Soybean, Rice, and Wheat for Commercial doenjang Production

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Hyun Hee Hong ◽  
Mina K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Parboiled Rice ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Sensory Profiles ◽  
Flavor Profile

The purpose of this study was to compare the physiochemical quality characteristics and sensory profiles of three types of koji: soybean, rice, and wheat koji. Koji is made by inoculating Aspergillus oryzae following the standard method of manufacturing. The physiochemical characteristic and sensory profiles were performed after fermenting samples of koji for a 72 h period. The physiochemical quality characteristics that were tested include pH, moisture content, color, acidity, TA, amino-type nitrogen content, reducing- and total-sugar content, and alcohol content; the enzymatic activities that were tested include amylase (α- and β-) and protease (neutral and acidic) activities. A descriptive sensory analysis was conducted on three types of koji with a highly trained sensory panel (n = 7) using the SpectrumTM Method. Differences in physiochemical and sensory profiles were observed on three koji samples (p < 0.05). Soybean koji had higher values in acid and TA, while rice koji had the highest values in reducing and total sugar, at 90.3 mg/g and 107.5 mg/g respectively. Wheat koji had the lowest values in protease activities. The flavor profile of soybean koji was characterized by bean sprout, cracker, and cheonggukjang aromatics; that of rice koji was characterized by overripe banana, solvent, syrup, and parboiled rice aromatics; and that of wheat koji was characterized by woody and roasted aromatics.

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