Seed germination and seedling establishment of Calamovilfa longifolia on Lake Huron sand dunes

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Maun
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Calamovilfa Longifolia

Caryopses ("seeds") of Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. are dimorphic (brown and white) and are each enclosed in a lemma and palea. The most complete germination was obtained in lighted (fluorescent light of 1600 lx) growth chambers set at alternating temperatures of 25 °C day (14 h) and 10 °C night. Seed stratification did not increase total germination but the rate of germination was increased. The seeds imbibed about 50% by weight of water before germination was initiated.Under field conditions seeds accumulated in depressions. Seedlings failed to emerge from depths greater than 6 cm. The survival rate of seedlings was very low (0.5%) during 1978 because of a dry summer but was considerably higher in 1979 on south slopes (33%), under willow clumps (44%), and on north slopes (56%). Seedling mortality was due to high soil temperatures, desiccation, burial or exposure of seedlings, and biotic agents. Seedlings emerged from the soil mainly by elongation of the first internode. The coleoptile seemed to act as a protective sheath against high soil temperatures for the growing point enclosed within it. A significantly linear increase in height of seedlings, root length, and number of leaves occurred with an increase in the age of seedlings during both years.

Population biology of Ammophila breviligulata and Calamovilfa longifolia on Lake Huron sand dunes. III. Dynamic changes in plant community structure

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1267-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Maun
Keyword(s):  
Population Biology ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Ammophila Breviligulata ◽  
Cakile Edentula ◽  
Dune Ridge ◽  
Artemisia Campestris ◽  
Calamovilfa Longifolia

Changes in vegetation and physiography of Lake Huron shoreline were studied by recording total counts and by comparing photographs taken in 1977, 1985, and 1987. In 1977, a large number of annual and biennial plant species such as Cakile edentula, Corispermum hyssopifolium, Salsola kali, Euphorbia polygonifolia, Artemisia campestris, and Oenothera biennis were found growing in association with two perennial grasses, Calamovilfa longifolia and Andropogon scoparius. Ammophila breviligulata was absent at that time, but became abundant through establishment of ramets from rhizome fragments after the storms of 1979 and 1981. Two damaging storms, one in October 1986 and the second in April 1987, wiped out almost all of Ammophila breviligulata, leaving a few remnant shoots among clumps of Calamovilfa longifolia. Observations suggest that the low density (two shoots∙m−2) of Ammophila breviligulata tillers among Calamovilfa longifolia populations on the first dune ridge has resulted from landward extensions of plagiotropic rhizomes from the once abundant Ammophila breviligulata populations on the lakeward end of the beach.

Population biology of Ammophila breviligulata and Calamovilfa longifolia on Lake Huron sand dunes. I. Habitat, growth form, reproduction, and establishment

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Maun
Keyword(s):  
Population Biology ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ammophila Breviligulata ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Calamovilfa Longifolia

Some aspects of the population biology of two dune-forming perennial grasses, Ammophila breviligulata Fern. and Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn., growing along Lake Huron shoreline, were investigated under natural and controlled conditions. Plants of A. breviligulata exhibit erratic flowering, ranging from no panicles in some areas to 16 per hundred tillers in others. Calamovilfa longifolia plants occur as single clumps of varying diameters and flower profusely. Ammophila breviligulata expands into adjacent areas by producing plagiotropic rhizomes ranging in length from 1 to several m and then producing ramets on some of the nodes. Such a growth form is best suited for rapid colonization of bare areas. Clumps of C. longifolia expand outward in concentric circles through the development of diving rhizomes, and the radius of a clump increases by about 15 to 31 cm per year. This growth form is well suited for local occupancy. Ammophila breviligulata is more tolerant of burial (100 cm) in sand than C. longifolia (60 cm). Calamovilfa longifolia produces larger number of caryopses per square metre than A. breviligulata. The weight per caryopsis of both species is similar, but the significantly greater surface area per fruit of A. breviligulata improves its flotation ability in water, thus facilitating long-distance dispersal of fruits. Establishment of C. longifolia plants under natural conditions occurred almost exclusively from seedlings. In contrast, the establishment of A. breviligulata seedlings was rare and almost all new plants along the beach originated from clonal fragments cast on the drift line by high waves.

Population biology of Ammophila breviligulata and Calamovilfa longifolia on Lake Huron sand dunes. II. Ultrastructure of organelles and photosynthetic properties

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 2151-2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly Elfman ◽  
M. A. Maun ◽  
W. G. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Ammophila Breviligulata ◽  
Calamovilfa Longifolia ◽  
Photosynthetic Properties

Organellar ultrastructure and photosynthetic properties of two grasses, Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn. and Ammophila breviligulata Fern., growing on Lake Huron sand dunes were compared. Thylakoids of C. longifolia contained a relatively greater complement of the photosystem I (PSI) – chlorophyll a – protein complex, whereas thylakoids from A. breviligulata had a relatively greater complement of light-harvesting chlorophyll a + b complex. The chlorophyll a/b ratios of the mesophyll chloroplast thykaloids reflected the content of chlorophyll–protein complexes present in the membranes. Digitonin fractionation of mesophyll thylakoids from C. longifolia revealed that the PSI-enriched fraction contained more chlorophyll than the photosystem II (PSII) enriched fraction. Conversely, the PSII-enriched fraction accounted for the larger proportion of total chlorophyll in thylakoids from A. breviligulata. Whole chain electron transport (PSII + PSI) activity was greater in C. longifolia mesophyll thylakoids, at all light intensities. Chloroplast and mitochondrial ultrastructure were compared. The bundle sheath chloroplasts of C. longifolia contain extensive grana stacking and are distributed throughout the cell. The mitochondria of the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells are strikingly dimorphic. A suberin lamella is apparently absent from the bundle sheath cell walls. These results support the designation of C. longifolia as a C4 species of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide – malic enzyme type.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on a Field Population of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1927-1932
Author(s):  
Cai-hua Shi ◽  
Jing-rong Hu ◽  
You-jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Abstract The production of Chinese chives is reduced throughout China due to a root-feeding dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), therefore deciphering the conditions influencing its growth and development are important in developing ecological control strategies. A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to determine the relationship between the abundance of B. odoriphaga and temperature (atmospheric and soil), soil water content, and atmospheric humidity in a Chinese chive field in Beijing City, China. Numbers of adults peaked in March and October to November and were lowest in July to August and December to next February; numbers of larvae were highest in December to next February and lowest in July to August. From 2014 to 2017, the numbers of adults and larvae were significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric temperatures and soil temperatures, but were not significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric relative humidity and soil water content. However, for both adults and larvae, numbers were significantly greater with high soil water contents compared with drought treatment. The results of this study suggest that the very low soil water contents, high atmospheric temperatures, and high soil temperatures were critical for regulating field populations of B. odoriphaga.

Reconstructing the age of coastal sand dunes along the northwestern shore of Lake Huron in Lower Michigan: Paleoenvironmental implications and regional comparisons

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Arbogast ◽  
Michael E. Bigsby ◽  
Mark H. DeVisser ◽  
Shaun A. Langley ◽  
Paul R. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Coastal Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Regional Comparisons

Direct observation of fungal aggregates in sand dune soil

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Clough ◽  
J. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
External Mycelium ◽  
Grass Hosts ◽  
Dune Soil ◽  
Scanning Electron

The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus in association with bean hosts, Phaseolus vulgaris L., growing in pot cultures and grass hosts, Calamovilfa longiflora (Hook.) Scribn and Andropogon sp. growing on Lake Huron sand dunes produced extensive external mycelium. This mycelium was the dominant factor in the aggregation of soil particles. Light and scanning electron microscope studies indicated that the sand grains were attached to the hyphae. An amorphous deposit was often present at the interfaces of sand grains and hyphae. It appeared to act as an adhesive. Staining procedures indicated that this material contained polysaccharide. Other microorganisms were observed in association with the Glomus hyphae and the amorphous deposits.

scholarly journals USE OF CARNAUBA PALM BAGANA TO REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRRIGATED RADISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1081
Author(s):  
ANTONIO VANKLANE RODRIGUES DE ALMEIDA ◽  
ALEXSANDRO OLIVEIRA DA SILVA ◽  
RAIMUNDO NONATO TÁVORA COSTA ◽  
JENYFFER DA SILVA GOMES SANTOS ◽  
GERÔNIMO FERREIRA DA SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Order Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Carnauba Palm

ABSTRACT In regions with limited water resources, efficient use of water has become increasingly essential for agricultural production. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of the carnauba palm bagana (leaf fibers) as an option of ground cover to reduce the use of water in irrigated radish. The study was conducted from July to October 2018 in two crop cycles in Pentecoste-CE, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks with split plots and four replicates, whose primary treatments consisted of five irrigation depths (50%; 75%; 100%; 125% and 150% of the evapotranspiration crop) and secondary treatments consisted of five different levels of ground cover using carnauba bagana (0%; 25%; 50%; 75% and 100% of 16 t ha-1), in a 5 x 5 interaction, totaling 100 experimental plots. The following variables were evaluated: fresh mass of shoots and tuber, plant height, number of leaves, tuber diameter and gas exchange. For tuber fresh mass in the first crop cycle, a first order model was obtained with the response surface, with linear increase of the factors irrigation depths (0.064 g plant-1) and ground cover (0.065 g plant-1), with the highest value (40.44 g plant-1) observed for the level of 150% ETcloc and 100% bagana. Application of 16 t ha-1 of carnauba bagana can be considered recommended, within the limits studied, for use in the radish crop.

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