Ectomycorrhizal specificity in the genus Alnus

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Molina
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Host Fungus

Only three of nine test fungi formed ectomycorrhizae on Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, A. rhombifolia, and A. sinuata in pure culture syntheses: Alpova diplophloeus, Astraeus pteridis, and Paxillus involutus. Pisolithus tinctorius formed ectomycorrhizae to a very limited extent on Alnus glutinosa. It is suggested that the entire genus Alnus may be very specialized regarding its ectomycorrhizal fungus associates, yet, display little infrageneric mycorrhizal specificity.The role of phenolics and possible mechanisms determining ectomycorrhizal specificity are discussed, and the need for research on host–fungus recognition factors is emphasized.

A Reassessment of Polyphosphate Granule Composition in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Pisolithus tinctorius

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Orlovich ◽  
AE Ashford ◽  
GC Cox
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
Cation Composition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Cation ◽  
Phosphorus Containing

Comparison of the elemental composition of freeze-substituted and conventionally fixed phosphorus-containing granules of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, shows that the cation composition is altered appreciably by the method of specimen preparation. Following conventional chemical fixation, the major cation detected in the granules together with phosphorus was calcium, while freeze-substituted granules most frequently contained phosphorus, potassium and sodium. We conclude that chemical fixation causes serious loss or redistribution of ions. The occurrence of monovalent cations in polyphosphate granules has not previously been demonstrated for mycorrhizal fungi and their presence should be considered in determining the role of the granules in mycorrhizas.

scholarly journals Secretion of Iron(III)-Reducing Metabolites during Protein Acquisition by the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus involutus

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Firoz Shah ◽  
Markus Gressler ◽  
Susan Nehzati ◽  
Michiel Op De Beeck ◽  
Luigi Gentile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Fenton Chemistry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Step Mechanism

The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus decomposes proteins using a two-step mechanism, including oxidation and proteolysis. Oxidation involves the action of extracellular hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated by the Fenton reaction. This reaction requires the presence of iron(II). Here, we monitored the speciation of extracellular iron and the secretion of iron(III)-reducing metabolites during the decomposition of proteins by P. involutus. X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that extracellular iron was mainly present as solid iron(III) phosphates and oxides. Within 1 to 2 days, these compounds were reductively dissolved, and iron(II) complexes were formed, which remained in the medium throughout the incubation. HPLC and mass spectrometry detected five extracellular iron(III)-reducing metabolites. Four of them were also secreted when the fungus grew on a medium containing ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. NMR identified the unique iron(III)-reductant as the diarylcyclopentenone involutin. Involutin was produced from day 2, just before the elevated •OH production, preceding the oxidation of BSA. The other, not yet fully characterized iron(III)-reductants likely participate in the rapid reduction and dissolution of solid iron(III) complexes observed on day one. The production of these metabolites is induced by other environmental cues than for involutin, suggesting that they play a role beyond the Fenton chemistry associated with protein oxidation.

scholarly journals Cadmium-Responsive Thiols in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus involutus

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7413-7417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Courbot ◽  
Laurent Diez ◽  
Roberta Ruotolo ◽  
Michel Chalot ◽  
Pierre Leroy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method

ABSTRACT Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the sustained metal tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungi are largely unknown. Some of the main mechanisms involved in metal detoxification appear to involve the chelation of metal ions in the cytosol with thiol-containing compounds, such as glutathione, phytochelatins, or metallothioneins. We used an improved high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous measurement of thiol-containing compounds from cysteine and its derivatives (γ-glutamylcysteine, glutathione) to higher-molecular-mass compounds (phytochelatins). We found that glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine contents increased when the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus was exposed to cadmium. An additional compound with a 3-kDa molecular mass, most probably related to a metallothionein, increased drastically in mycelia exposed to cadmium. The relative lack of phytochelatins and the presence of a putative metallothionein suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi may use a different means to tolerate heavy metals, such as Cd, than do their plant hosts.

Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation by cadmium of a superoxide dismutase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus

2001 ◽  
Vol 268 (11) ◽  
pp. 3223-3232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Jacob ◽  
Mikaël Courbot ◽  
Annick Brun ◽  
Howard M. Steinman ◽  
Jean-Pierre Jacquot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Molecular Cloning ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Paxillus Involutus

Characterization and regulation of PiDur3, a permease involved in the acquisition of urea by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Morel ◽  
Christophe Jacob ◽  
Michael Fitz ◽  
Daniel Wipf ◽  
Michel Chalot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Paxillus Involutus

Do ectomycorrhizas affect boron uptake in Betula pendula?

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1013-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teija Ruuhola ◽  
Tarja Lehto
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Boron Uptake ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
B Uptake ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Later Phase

The role of mycorrhizas in the uptake of boron (B) is still poorly known; it has been suggested that ectomycorrhizas (ECM) may either increase B uptake or sequester B in forms unavailable for plants. We examined whether ECM infection affects the B uptake compared with nonmycorrhizal plants and whether two ECM fungal species differ in this respect. We inoculated silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings with either Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. or Laccaria sp. Seedlings were fertilized with a complete nutrient solution including B. The whole-plant specific B uptake rates were slightly higher in Laccaria-inoculated seedlings than in noninoculated seedlings. Laccaria seedlings accumulated B transiently in their roots, which led to an increase in the specific leaf uptake rate of B in a later phase. Colonization of seedlings by Paxillus was low, and this fungus did not affect B uptake or allocation. The main result was that mycorrhizas did not affect B uptake and translocation negatively. An ability to accumulate B in mycorrhizas transiently might even make plants more tolerant to temporary B deficiency as they are not so strictly dependent on a continuous external B supply. However, the possibility of retention at very low B availability remains to be studied.

scholarly journals Podatek rolny jako źródło dochodów własnych gmin wiejskich w Polsce

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kozera
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
The Real ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Taxation System

The main aim of the article was to show the importance of the agricultural tax as a source of own income of rural communes in Poland in 2004-2015. In order to determine the fiscal importance of the tax, the amount and share of income from the agricultural tax in the own income of rural communes were compared to other types of communes. In addition, the amount of income lost due to the agricultural tax was analyzed. The study showed that the agricultural tax as a source of own income plays the most important role in the budgets of rural communes, although the fiscal role of the tax in these local government sector entities is getting smaller. The agricultural taxation system, which is ineffective from the point of view of communes’ financial self-sufficiency and the construction of which is to a very limited extent related to the real amount of production and income in agriculture, is reflected in the low level of own income potential of rural communes.

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