Growth forms in the Alismatales. I. Alisma triviale and species of Sagittaria with upright vegetative axes

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (21) ◽  
pp. 2325-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Lieu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Parent Plant ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Sagittaria Latifolia ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Vegetative Phases

Various aspects of the growth form of seven species of Alisma and Sagittaria were investigated. Of the four studied in detail, all have a short, upright stem which undergoes apical bifurcation to form the inflorescence and a continuation vegetative axis. Each season, three inflorescences are initiated in a distinct developmental sequence while phyllotaxy of the successive vegetative phases continues uninterrupted. The symmetry and development of both inflorescence and continuation growth are precise and similar in the species studied. There is greater variation in the pattern of development of axillary buds. This includes second-order axes attached directly to the parent plant (Alisma triviale), a new plant formed by each axillary stolon some distance away (Sagittaria latifolia and S. cuneata), or a whole sympodial system of stolon segments from each axillary bud as in Sagittaria subulata. Seed germination and seedling stages are very similar, and all show spiral phyllotaxy from the outset. The pattern of organization of each species remains relatively constant within and between different populations.

Growth forms in the Alismatales. II. Two rhizomatous species: Sagittaria lancifolia and Butomus umbellatus

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (21) ◽  
pp. 2353-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Lieu
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Sagittaria Lancifolia ◽  
Adult Form ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Made In

A comparative morphological study of Sagittaria lancifolia and Butomus umbellatus over their life cycles was undertaken. The two are very similar in adult form, characterized by apical bifurcation to form inflorescence and continuation growth as in other members of the Alismatidae.and also by rhizomatous growth with a subterminal apex. Embryo and seedling stages in S. lancifolia are comparable to other members of the Alismataceae previously studied. Rhizomatous form and bilateral symmetry are secondarily acquired during ontogeny. The inflorescence is leaf opposed and S. lancifolia is organizationally similar to other species of Alismataceae with upright vegetative axes. From this, a sympodial interpretation of the rhizome may be made. In contrast, the bilaterally symmetric growth form in Butomus is manifested from the start. The leaf-subtended inflorescence and other features of organization suggest that it cannot easily be compared with S. lancifolia or other members of Alismataceae. Here, a stronger case may be made for a monopodial construction. Axillary bud distributions support these conclusions. In addition, both species branch by a relatively precocious lateral bud associated topographically with the inflorescence.

Variation in fruit and seed traits and seed germination among different populations of Eremosparton songoricum

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 802-811
Author(s):  
Hui-Liang LIU ◽  
Yong-Kuan ZHANG ◽  
Dao-Yuan ZHANG ◽  
Lin-Ke YIN ◽  
Yuan-Ming ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Different Populations

scholarly journals Experiments on growth and inhibition. I.—The increase of inhibition with distance

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (756) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Young Leaves

Experiments were recently reported showing that, in young seedlings of Pisum sativum , the complete inhibiting effect which the shoot exerts upon its axillary buds comes entirely or almost entirely from three or four of its developing leave acting together (6). A single developing leaf was found usually to inhibit only partially—that is to say, sufficiently to delay the growth of an axillary bud below it, but not to check it completely. The strength of this partial inhibiting effect was measured by the retardation of the outgrowth of the axillary buds of the first or lowest leaf, as compared with their growth in completely defoliated controls. Comparisons were further made of the inhibiting effects of single young leaves of equal sizes near the apex in seedlings of different ages and heights, and it was found that in very young short seedlings the inhibiting effect was very slight or inappreciable, although in seedlings of a height of about 30 mm. or more (but still possessing well filled cotyledons) the effect was strong.

Seed Germination and Bolting in Red Beet as Affected by Parent Plant Environment

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLA M. HEIDE ◽  
OLAVI JUNTTILA ◽  
RAGNAR T. SAMUELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Parent Plant ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Plant Environment

An Experimental Analysis of Macrophyte Growth Forms as Fish Foraging Habitat

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Dionne ◽  
Carol L. Folt
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Plant Growth Form ◽  
Macrophyte Growth ◽  
Capture Rates

In this laboratory study we measured the independent effects of macrophyte growth form, plant density, and prey abundance on the foraging rate of the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). We demonstrate that macrophyte growth forms are not all similar in their effects on fish foraging. Prey capture rates of pumpkinseeds foraging among Scirpus validus (cylindrical stems) were 53 and 365% times greater than for Potamogeton amplifolius (leafy stems) for cladoceran (Sida crystallina) and larval damselfly (Coenagrionidae) prey, respectively. Plant growth form influenced prey capture rates more than charges in natural plant density. Plant density effects ranged from none on damselfly capture rates to a 29% decline in cladoceran capture rate over a twofold increase in plant density. Our results indicate that in plant-structured habitats, variation in plant growth form can be an important determinant of fish foraging and habitat associations.

In vitro propagation of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis.L) in Morocco

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Abdelali Chourfi ◽  
Tajelmolk Alaoui ◽  
Ghizlane Echchgadda
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Laurus Nobilis

Laurus nobilis L. is among the species which are most threatened by massive degradation in Morocco. The multiplication by seed or by cuttings gives very low percentages of recovery that is insufficient to meet the demand of growing market. In vitro culture proves to be a tremendous asset to solve this problem. Our work has focused on the study of seed germination of this species and its multiplication from microcuttings. Finally, we studied the ac-climatization ability of the plantlets resulting from this germination. The study of the germination, via the further measurement of the length of the aerial part and the roots and the number of axillary buds for nine weeks, showed that the MS basal medium was more efficient than media 1/2M.S and WPM. Among the eight tested hormones, IAA yielded the best growth of the plantlets. Hormonal combination of NAA and kinetin resulted into a per-centage of the greatest success in reaching 67 % micropropagation. The study also revealed that the MS basal medium in the presence of the IAA plants can acclimate most easily in two types of substrates with improved development in the peat alone.

scholarly journals Competitive interactions between corals and turf algae depend on coral colony form

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Swierts ◽  
Mark JA Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Coral Colony ◽  
Turf Algae

Turf algae are becoming more abundant on coral reefs worldwide, but their effects on other benthic organisms remain poorly described. To describe the general characteristics of competitive interactions between corals and turf algae, we determined the occurrence and outcomes of coral–turf algal interactions among different coral growth forms (branching, upright, massive, encrusting, plating, and solitary) on a shallow reef in Vietnam. In total, the amount of turf algal interaction, i.e., the proportion of the coral boundary directly bordering turf algae, was quantified for 1,276 coral colonies belonging to 27 genera and the putative outcome of each interaction was noted. The amount of turf algal interaction and the outcome of these interactions differed predictably among the six growth forms. Encrusting corals interacted most often with turf algae, but also competed most successfully against turf algae. The opposite was observed for branching corals, which rarely interacted with turf algae and rarely won these competitive interactions. Including all other growth forms, a positive relationship was found between the amount of competitive interactions with neighboring turf algae and the percentage of such interaction won by the coral. This growth form dependent ability to outcompete turf algae was not only observed among coral species, but also among different growth forms in morphologically plastic coral genera (Acropora, Favia, Favites, Montastrea, Montipora, Porites) illustrating the general nature of this relationship.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and physiological analyses of rice seedlings under different nitrogen supplies provide insight into the regulation involved in axillary bud outgrowth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongna Wang ◽  
Junjie Qian ◽  
Zhongming Fang ◽  
Jihua Tang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Axillary Bud Growth ◽  
Axillary Bud Outgrowth

Abstract Background: N is an important macronutrient required for plant development and significantly influences axillary bud outgrowth, which affects tillering and grain yields of rice. However, how different N concentrations affect axillary bud growth at the molecular and transcriptional levels remains unclear. Results: In this study, morphological changes in the axillary bud growth of rice seedlings under different N concentrations ranging from low to high levels were systematically observed. To investigate the expression of N-induced genes involved in axillary bud growth, we used RNA-seq technology to generate mRNA transcriptomic data from two tissue types, basal parts and axillary buds, of plants grown under six different N concentrations. In total, 10,221 and 12,180 DEGs induced by LN or HN supplies were identified in the basal parts and axillary buds, respectively, via comparisons to expression levels under NN level. Analysis of the coexpression modules from the DEGs of the basal parts and axillary buds revealed an abundance of related biological processes underlying the axillary bud growth of plants under N treatments. Among these processes, the activity of cell division and expansion was positively correlated with the growth rate of axillary buds of plants grown under different N supplies. Additionally, TFs and phytohormones were shown to play crucial roles in determining the axillary bud growth of plants grown under different N concentrations. Further validation of OsGS1;2 and OsGS2 , the rice mutants of which presented altered tiller numbers, validated our transcriptomic data. Conclusion: These results indicate that different N concentrations affect the axillary bud growth rate, and our study revealed comprehensive expression profiles of genes that respond to different N concentrations, providing an important resource for future studies attempting to determine how axillary bud growth is controlled by different N supplies.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition Promotes Rhizome Bud Outgrowth via Regulation of Cytokinin Biosynthesis Genes and an Oryza longistaminata Ortholog of FINE CULM 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyohei Shibasaki ◽  
Arika Takebayashi ◽  
Nobue Makita ◽  
Mikiko Kojima ◽  
Yumiko Takebayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Oryza Longistaminata ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Axillary Bud Growth

Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice, can propagate vegetatively via rhizome formation and, thereby, expand its territory through horizontal growth of branched rhizomes. The structural features of rhizomes are similar to those of aerial stems; however, the physiological roles of the two organs are different. Nitrogen nutrition is presumed to be linked to the vegetative propagation activity of rhizomes, but the regulation of rhizome growth in response to nitrogen nutrition and the underlying biological processes have not been well characterized. In this study, we analyzed rhizome axillary bud growth in response to nitrogen nutrition and examined the involvement of cytokinin-mediated regulation in the promotion of bud outgrowth in O. longistaminata. Our results showed that nitrogen nutrition sufficiency promoted rhizome bud outgrowth to form secondary rhizomes. In early stages of the response to nitrogen application, glutamine accumulated rapidly, two cytokinin biosynthesis genes, isopentenyltransferase, and CYP735A, were up-regulated with accompanying cytokinin accumulation, and expression of an ortholog of FINE CULM1, a negative regulator of axillary bud outgrowth, was severely repressed in rhizomes. These results suggest that, despite differences in physiological roles of these organs, the nitrogen-dependent outgrowth of rhizome axillary buds in O. longistaminata is regulated by a mechanism similar to that of shoot axillary buds in O. sativa. Our findings provide a clue for understanding how branched rhizome growth is regulated to enhance nutrient acquisition strategies.

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