Myricaceae: floral hypothesis for Gale and Comptonia

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (20) ◽  
pp. 2636-2651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Status ◽  
Partial Inflorescence

Organogenesis of the male reproductive structures of Myrica pilulifera, Gale, and Comptonia is compared. In M. pilulifera, which has a compound inflorescence, one to three stamens form in the axils of second-order bracts of the partial inflorescence. In Gale and Comptonia, which do not have compound inflorescences, four stamens arise simultaneously on the flank of the apex of the second-order axis. It is concluded that this defines a floral condition for the family. A model is proposed which explains the probable development of the floral condition from the inflorescence state more adequately than existing floral concepts. Hence, speculation of the phylogenetic status of this family is avoided. Similarly, it is not necessary to debate notions of an angiospermous archetype. Recent knowledge of the family is collated from various disciplines such as taxonomy, anatomy, and palaeobotany to provide a framework for assessing the significance of the discussion of the ‘flower’ vs. ‘inflorescence’ problem.

Status of Family Fissidentaceae in Gujarat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Shah ◽  
D.N. Mehta ◽  
R.V. Gujar
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Parts

Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants and are also known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. 67 species of bryophytes have been reported from select locations across the state of Gujrat. The status of family fissidentaceae which is a large moss family is being presented in this paper. Globally the family consists of 10 genera but only one genus, Fissidens Hedw. has been collected from Gujarat. Fissidens is characterized by a unique leaf structure and shows the presence of three distinct lamina, the dorsal, the ventral and the vaginant lamina. A total of 8 species of Fissidens have been reported from the state based on vegetative characters as no sporophyte stages were collected earlier. Species reported from the neighboring states also showed the absence of sporophytes. The identification of different species was difficult due to substantial overlap in vegetative characters. Hence a detailed study on the diversity of members of Fissidentaceae in Gujarat was carried out between November 2013 and February 2015. In present study 8 distinct species of Fissidens have been collected from different parts of the state. Three species Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens curvato-involutus Dixon. have been identified while the other five are still to be identified. Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens xiphoides M. Fleisch., which have been reported as distinct species are actually synonyms according to TROPICOS database. The presence of sexual reproductive structures and sporophytes for several Fissidens species are also being reported for the first time from the state.

Observations on chromosomes and gametogenesis ofTransversotrema patialense(Trematoda)

Parasitology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mad Havi ◽  
J. V. Ramanjaneyulu
Keyword(s):  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Cytological Data ◽  
Total Chromosome Length ◽  
Diploid Complement ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Status ◽  
Snail Tissue

SUMMARYThe karyotype ofTransversotrema patia1enconsists of 10 pairs of chromosomes (2n= 20) of which 5 pairs are metacentrics and 5 pairs are submetacentrics. The chromosomes are large and range in size from 5 to 12 μm. The total chromosome length of the diploid complement is 16783 μm. Stages of spermatogenesis including the two gonial divisions and two reduction divisions leading to production of spermatozoa occur in cercarial embryos inside snail tissue, while the maturation divisions of the ovum occur in eggs freshly liberated by the fluke. The chiasma frequency is high, being 3888/cell and 388/bivalent. Cytological data indicate an independent phylogenetic status for the family Transversotrematidae.

scholarly journals Pericarp development in fruit of epiphytic cacti: implications for fruit classification and macro-morphology in the Cactaceae

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Souza ◽  
Adelita Aparecida Sartori Paoli ◽  
Arthur R. Davis ◽  
J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dry Fruit

The family Cactaceae exhibits an assortment of fleshy and dry fruit types with various shapes dictated by the gynoecium outline and surrounding pericarpel. Consequently, conflicting terminology exists regarding cactus fruit classification because the fruit is a complex structure in which various floral parts participate in development. We examined fruit morphogenesis in four epiphytic cacti and provided a description of developmental events from post-anthesis to fruit maturation, which unveiled new structures valuable in fruit characterisation and taxonomy of the Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae. Succinctly, the cactus fruit is a carpellar ovary embedded in a long-shoot (pericarpel). The pericarp originates from five components: internal ovarian epidermis that delimits the fruit locule, ovary (proper), collateral vascular bundles, pericarpel (receptacular origin), and external pericarpel epidermis. In addition, cell expansion and stored mucilage, a sticky substance involved in seed dispersal, occurs during fruit development. We propose the term cactidium, a complex fruit with accessory structures of pericarpellar origin surrounding the gynoecial boundary, to describe the cactus fruit. This term is appropriate because members of the Cactaceae bear unique traits, such as areoles in the reproductive structures (pericarpel), which may produce scale-leaves, bristles, and spines.

Iospilids (Polychaeta: Iospilidae) from the northwest Caribbean Sea, with observations on reproductive structures

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1211 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOLEDAD JIMÉNEZ-CUETO ◽  
EDUARDO SUÁREZ-MORALES ◽  
SERGIO I. SALAZAR-VALLEJO
Keyword(s):  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
The Caribbean

Iospilids are a small, inconspicuous group of holopelagic polychaetes that dwell in the upper layers of tropical, temperate, and cold waters of the world. Representatives of this interesting and infrequent group were collected during four oceanographic cruises off the eastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, northwest Caribbean Sea. Three of the four species currently known in the family were recorded: Iospilus phalacroides Viguier, 1886, Phalacrophorus pictus Greeff, 1879, and P. uniformis Reibisch, 1895. The latter was the most common species in the area; it occurred during the four cruises and represented more than 92% of the total iospilid specimens caught; it was slightly more abundant in nighttime samples. New observations of reproduction-related morphological variations and sexual dimorphism are presented for P. uniformis. These may be regarded as morphological adaptations to the planktic mode of life thus favouring the efficiency of the reproductive process in the water column. These are the first records of the family Iospilidae in the Caribbean Basin. Revised generic and species diagnoses, taxonomic illustrations and notes, and an identification key are given here for the species recorded in the Caribbean.

Numerical methods for the solution of special and general sixth-order boundary-value problems, with applications to Bénard layer eigenvalue problems

1990 ◽  
Vol 431 (1883) ◽  
pp. 433-450 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Boundary Value Problems ◽  
Eigenvalue Problems ◽  
Boundary Value ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Sixth Order ◽  
Asymptotic Estimates ◽  
Eighth Order ◽  
The Family ◽  
Convergent Method

A family of numerical methods is developed for the solution of special nonlinear sixth-order boundary-value problems. Methods with second-, fourth-, sixth- and eighth-order convergence are contained in the family. The problem is also solved by writing the sixth-order differential equation as a system of three second-order differential equations. A family of second- and fourth-order convergent methods is then used to obtain the solution. A second-order convergent method is discussed for the numerical solution of general nonlinear sixth-order boundary-value problems. This method, with modifications where necessary, is applied to the sixth-order eigenvalue problems associated with the onset of instability in a Bénard layer. Numerical results are compared with asymptotic estimates appearing in the literature.

scholarly journals Phytoliths as Emerging Taxonomic Tools for Identification of Plants: An Overview

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh Abdul Shakoor ◽  
Mudassir Ahmad Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
The Family ◽  
Solid Form ◽  
Orientation Pattern ◽  
Different Levels

In the recent advancements in identification of plant species, phytoliths have found an immense role in the identification of plants at different levels of taxonomic hierarchy. Many plant groups are known to accumulate silica in solid form in and between the cells and tissues and hence create the structures commonly known as phytoliths. These phytoliths create replicas of the structures where they are deposited. The shapes of phytolith replicas, their size dimensions (morphometric parameters), surface features (ornamentation), distribution, and orientation pattern in epidermal layers of vegetative and reproductive structures as well as their frequency are highly important for characterization of species. Monocotyledonous families particularly the family Poaceae (Gramineae) are known to produce diverse phytolith types that can serve as diagnostic markers for characterization of different taxa at different levels of taxonomic hierarchy. The present paper highlights the importance of phytoliths in taxonomic analysis of plants particularly in the family Poaceae.

Ecological causes, function, and evolution of abortion and parthenocarpy in Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Verdú ◽  
Patricio García-Fayos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pistacia Lentiscus ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Seedless Fruits ◽  
The Family ◽  
Predispersal Seed Predation ◽  
Viable Seeds

Parthenocarpy (the production of seedless fruits) and abortion of reproductive structures at different developmental stages are important processes limiting female fecundity in Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae), a Mediterranean endozoochorous dioecious shrub. This paper tests (i) the effects of water and pollen as the ecological causes of abortion and parthenocarpy, (ii) the function of abortion and parthenocarpy regarding the uncertainty on resources and predispersal seed predation, and (iii) reviews the evolution of parthenocarpy across the phylogeny of the genusPistacia and the family Anacardiaceae. Using experimental manipulations, we examined the effects of pollen and water availability on female fecundity. The components of female fecundity were the four sequential developmental stages in the reproductive cycle: (i) flower survival after pollination, (ii) latent ovary survival, (iii) final-sized fruit survival, and (iv) seed viability. The survival of reproductive structures along the four developmental stages in response to pollination was highly variable. The survival of pollen-excluded flowers was negligible. Water addition increased the survival of reproductive structures in the first two developmental stages but this effect was lost in the other two stages. However, irrigation had a delayed effect, significantly increasing the number of viable seeds per number of flowers at the following reproductive season. The irrigated females significantly increased the percentage of viable seeds, whereas nonirrigated females did not. These data support the hypothesis that the adjustment of progeny size to the available resources is an individual feature inherent to the life history of each individual and therefore independent on the present resource level. This adjustment may have an adaptive value in relation to uncertainty of water availability. An advantage for parthenocarpy in terms of reducing seed predation was not found and it may be a nonadaptive plesiomorphic character within the genus Pistacia and within the family Anacardiaceae. A significant negative relationship was found between the rate of seed abortion and predispersal seed predation by wasps, suggesting that abortion reduces insect predation. In support of this hypothesis, we found that fruits with aborted seeds abscised in a lower proportion than expected, while fruits with seeds parasitized by wasps fell in a greater proportion than expected. Key words: abortion, parthenocarpy, predispersal seed predation, seed production.

Pseudaphelenchus yukiae n. gen., n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) associated with Cylindrotermes macrognathus (Termitidae: Termitinae) in La Selva, Costa Rica

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Robin M. Giblin-Davis ◽  
Rudolf H. Scheffrahn ◽  
Barbara J. Center ◽  
Kerrie A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
La Selva ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Status ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ribosomal Dna Sequence

Abstract A species of aphelenchoidid nematode was isolated from a subterranean termite, Cylindrotermes macrognathus, during a survey of termite-associated nematodes in a conserved forest in La Selva, Costa Rica. The nematode was morphologically intermediate between the families Aphelenchidae and Aphelenchoididae, i.e., the nematode had a true bursa supported by bursal limb-like genital papillae but lacked a clear pharyngeal isthmus. The molecular phylogenetic status of the new nematode among tylenchid, cephalobid, panagrolaimid, aphelenchid and aphelenchoidid genera was analysed based on ca 1.2 kb of SSU ribosomal DNA sequence and the inferred position was basal to the family Aphelenchoididae. It was clearly not part of the clade containing the genus Aphelenchus (=Aphelenchidae). This nematode is described herein as Pseudaphelenchus yukiae n. gen., n. sp., and the family definition of Aphelenchoididae is emended to include the unique morphological characters of this new genus. The molecular phylogenetic analysis supported the paraphyly of the three Aphelenchoidinae genera Aphelenchoides, Laimaphelenchus and Schistonchus and the monophyly of Ektaphelenchinae, Seinura (Seinurinae) and Noctuidonema (Acugutturinae). However, many more representatives are needed to resolve the family-genus level phylogeny of Aphelenchoididae.

scholarly journals A Review of the Complex Role of Family Caregivers as Health Team Members and Second-Order Patients

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Care Team ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Physical Decline ◽  
Health Team ◽  
The Family

In Palliative Care, the unit of care is the patient and their family. Although members of the health care team often address the family caregiver’s opinions and concerns, the focus of care remains on the needs of the patient. The readiness and willingness of the family caregiver is often overlooked as they are expected to assume a complex caregiving role. When family caregivers are not intellectually or emotionally prepared or physically capable, the caregiver is at high risk for serious health issues and cognitive, emotional, and physical decline particularly as caregiving extends over time. Family caregivers are often a neglected and at-risk population. Illustrated through the use of a case study, this article addresses the complex role of family caregivers, as both health team members and second-order patients. It emphasizes the importance of family assessment and interventions to balance the burdens and benefits of family caregiving and protect caregivers’ health and well-being.

scholarly journals Ants visit nectaries of Epidendrum denticulatum (Orchidaceae) in a Brazilian rainforest: effects on herbivory and pollination

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Almeida ◽  
R. A. Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Extrafloral Nectaries ◽  
Pollinator Behaviour ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ectatomma Tuberculatum ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

Epidendrum denticulatum (Orchidaceae) produces nectar on the petioles of buds, flowers, and fruits (extrafloral nectaries) but no nectar is found on its flowers, and it is probably a deceptive species. In the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, some aspects of both the ecology and behavior of Camponotus sericeiventris (Formicinae) and Ectatomma tuberculatum (Ponerinae), two ant species foraging on E. denticulatum extrafloral nectaries, were investigated. Both experiments, using termites as baits and field observations, suggest that these ant species are able to prevent reproductive organ herbivory, without affecting pollinator behaviour. Since a low fruit set is often cited as a characteristic of the family, especially for deceptive species, ants attracted to orchid inflorescences protect reproductive structures and increase the probability of pollination success. Epidendrum denticulatum flowers were visited and probably pollinated by Heliconius erato (Nymphalidae) and Euphyes leptosema (Hesperiidae).

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