A developmental study of the stamens in a male-sterile tobacco hybrid

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (16) ◽  
pp. 2234-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Hicks ◽  
J. Bell ◽  
S. A. Sand
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Stamen Primordia ◽  
Sporogenous Tissue ◽  
Nicotiana Debneyi ◽  
Tobacco Hybrid

The ontogeny of the feminized stamens in a male-sterile tobacco hybrid has been studied. Plant material 1A was derived from an initial cross between Nicotiana debneyi as female and N. tabacum cv. Kupchunos as male. All 1A flowers exhibit stigmatoid anthers at anthesis and are sterile. This teratism is cytoplasmically inherited. In a developmental series of 1A floral buds, it was found that 1A stamen primordia diverge relatively early from the normal stamen shape and appear as spatulate organ rudiments lacking differentiation into anther and filament. In 1A buds after carpel fusion and as the normal stigma is differentiating, stamens form a distinctly stigmatoid tip subtended by a short filament bearing the initials of lateral outgrowths. The stigmatoid tip then enlarges to a green, bulbous recurved structure and there is considerable extension growth of the filament. Histological study of developing and mature teratological stamens showed complete absence of sporogenous tissue and also confirmed the true stigmatic nature of the tip region. The results are discussed in relation to regulation of sex determination.

scholarly journals CYTOGENETICS OF FLOWER MODIFICATION OF A CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE TOBACCO

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-235
Author(s):  
D U Gerstel ◽  
J A Burns ◽  
S A Sand
Keyword(s):  
Extra Chromosome ◽  
Backcross Progeny ◽  
Chromosome Segment ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Nicotiana Debneyi

ABSTRACT Plants combining the cytoplasm of Nicotiana debneyi and the 48 chromosomes from N. tabacum are male sterile. Early backcross generations of the amphidiploid hybrid to male N. tabacum produced a great variety of plants from which a series of phenotypes with characteristic flower forms and transmission rates have been isolated. Type 1A possesses completely feminized stamens and deeply split corollas, breeds true when backcrossed to normal males and carries 48 N. tabacum chromosomes. Other phenotypes, 2C, 3E and 4H, range toward normal morphology of corollas and stamens. Like 1A, 2C forms no anther tissue and has 48 chromosomes. This type is transmitted to 36.3% of the backcross progeny, the remainder being of type 1A; presumably 2C carries a chromosome segment from N. debneyi that is responsible for the partial restoration of flower structure. In contrast, both 3E and 4H produce anthers and possess an extra chromosome. The extra chromosomes are transmitted to only 19.9% and 7.1% of the progeny, respectively. Significantly, the extra chromosomes found in the anther-forming types are nucleolus organizing and carry a satellite from N. debneyi. On the basis of these observations, we surmise that differentiation of anthers in plants with N. debneyi cytoplasm may depend on the presence of a nucleolus-organizing chromosome from that species. This chromosome is unstable; unaltered, it conditions a highly restored phenotype (4H), but when structurally modified, it may control different phenotypic expressions. Other examples of satellited restorer chromosomes had been reported for different cytoplasmically male-sterile combinations; therefore, the phenomenon may have more general significance.

Organogenesis from cultured floral meristems of a male sterile tobacco hybrid

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1665-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Hicks ◽  
Robin Browne ◽  
S. A. Sand
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Normal Sequence ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Tobacco Hybrid ◽  
Floral Meristems

Very young floral meristems of a male-sterile tobacco hybrid were excised and cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog medium in continuous light. Basal medium was supplemented with kinetin and gibberellic acid, singly and in combinations. On medium with kinetin, all four types of floral organs arose in the normal sequence and pattern and the male sterile phenotype was expressed, GA3 suppressed the formation of these organs. The data show that male sterile organs may form and begin differentiation in vitro without direct influence from the plant.

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF INDOLEACETIC ACID IN MELAMPSORA LINI (PERS.) LEV.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. I. Sahai Srivastava ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Melampsora Lini ◽  
Solvent Systems

Mycelium of Melampsora was grown on flax cotyledons in tissue cultures. Mycelium and uredospores were incubated with DL-tryptophane-2-C14 and uredospores were incubated with L-tryptophane. Acid and neutral ether-soluble and aqueous fractions of the plant material and incubation medium were chromatographed and sprayed with chromogenic agents or radioautographed. Radioactive indoleacetic acid was produced in small amounts by both mycelium and spores (yield = 0.016% in 8 hours). The auxin was identified on the basis of its Rf values in two solvent systems, its reactions with Ehrlich and Salkowski reagents, and its ability to promote extension growth of Avena coleoptiles. Evidence for the formation of indoleacetaldehyde was also obtained. Several other radioactive and Ehrlich-positive products of tryptophane metabolism were detected but not identified. One of these could have been indolepyruvic acid. Tryptamine and indoleacetonitrile were not found. The results suggest that, in Melampsora, the synthesis of indoleacetic acid from tryptophane proceeds through indolepyruvic acid and indoleacetaldehyde.

Morpho- histological study of supraoccipital bone development in domestic rabbit fetuses Oryctolagus cuniculus

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (0E) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Fadhil Sabah Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Bone Development ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Double Staining ◽  
Rabbit Fetuses ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Double Staining Method ◽  
Ossification Centers

The developmental study of supraoccipital bone has been done in the rabbit fetuses, which including detection the timing primary appearance and pattern of ossification by using double staining method as well as, histological study which squired for each stages of present study. The double staining technique which are furthering by histological examination for each age, showed the supraoccipital bone was ossify by intramembranous method. The results showed that the primary ossification centers of supraoccipital appeared firstly at(22) day of gestation, and showed direct red staining, at(24) day of gestation, these centers become fused. The supraoccipital bone appear its completely intramembranous ossification at (30) day of gestation and form the roof of foramen magnum.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of anther development in natural populations indicate premature degradation of sporogenous tissue as a cause of male sterility in Gaultheria fragrantissima

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wympher Langstang ◽  
Eros Kharshiing ◽  
Nagulan Venugopal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Male Sterile Line ◽  
Sporogenous Tissue

AbstractGaultheria fragrantissima Wall. (Ericaceae) is a gynodioecious species having both hermaphrodite and male sterile plants. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of the different stages of anther development in naturally occuring hermaphrodite and male sterile populations of G. fragrantissima found in Meghalaya, India. While hermaphrodite flowers had well developed anther lobes, the male sterile flowers formed a white unorganized mass of tissues with a tuft of hairy outgrowth at the tip of the stamens. Histological analyses of progressive anther development in both the lines indicate an abnormal development of the sporogenous tissue in the developing anthers in the male steril line. While anther development in the hermaphrodite line was of the dicotyledonous type, the anthers of male sterile line showed progressive degradation of the sporogenous tissues and wall layers. Pollen development was also disrupted in male sterile line resulting in distorted pollen due to the irregular projection of exine wall. Our results suggest that premature degradation of the sporogenous tissues during anther development determines male sterility in G. fragrantissima.

HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON FIVE GENETIC MALE-STERILE LINES OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Mian ◽  
J. Kuspira ◽  
G. W. R. Walker ◽  
N. Muntjewerff
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Rrna Synthesis ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Early Effect ◽  
Sporogenous Tissue ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Nucleolar Volume ◽  
Microspore Stage

The action of the genes msg5, msg9, msg10, msg14, and msg18 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is almost entirely restricted to the sporogenous and tapetal tissues of the anther. No histological effects are found before the completion of meiosis except in msg18. Subsequently their behavior becomes distinctly deviant. In msg5, 9, 14 and 18 soon after a normal meiosis the microspores begin to deteriorate and are almost completely deformed at a period corresponding to that just before microspore division in normal anthers. In msg10 deleterious effects on microspores first appear midway between the end of meiosis and the beginning of microspore karyokinesis.The tapetum remains nondegenerate and persistent in msg5, 10 and 14 but suddenly collapses after the free microspore stage in msg9. In msg18 it shows an early effect during the meiotic period, when failure in the last tapetal nuclear division (karyokinesis) results in an early collapse of this tissue.Nuclear DNA and histone in male-sterile sporogenous and tapetal tissues as measured by microspectrophotometry increase at the normal rate during the premeiotic S phase. However, in the sporogenous tissues, the subsequent DNA and histone syntheses that normally culminate in microspore mitosis are distinctly lacking. Thus in all male-steriles except msg10, the microspore nuclei show an actual loss in these two macromolecules and in msg10 there is an initial rise only for a short period, followed by a dramatic drop.Nuclear DNA and histone in tapetal tissues subsequently show variable behavior, which seems to be specific for each male-sterile line.The behavior of sporogenous and tapetal tissues thus lends support to the hypothesis that there is transport of substances, critical to development, between the porogenous tissue and tapetum. The effects on DNA-histone turnover, first in the sporogenous tissue and then in the tapetum, suggest that the action of msg5 and 9 is initiated within the microspores when they are still invested in a callose wall. On the other hand, in msg10 and 14 a reverse sequence indicates that the action is initiated in tapetal tissues. The effect in msg18 is a direct consequence of defective tapetal functioning.All male-steriles at the free microspore stage show drastic reductions in nucleolar volume (and hence in rRNA synthesis) accompanied by a high frequency of binucleolate microspore nuclei.

Microsporogenesis in the normal and male-sterile stamenIess-2 mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2013-2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Sawhney ◽  
S. K. Bhadula
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Microspore Mother Cell ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Sporogenous Tissue ◽  
Tapetal Cells

The development of microspores and the associated changes in the tapetum were examined in the normal (+/+) and male-sterile, stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant anthers of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Anthers of eight comparable stages, from the microspore mother cell stage to anthesis, of both lines were processed for light microscopy. Until the formation of tetrads (stage ii), there were no differences in the sporogenous tissue, but the tapetal cells of the mutant were more enlarged than the normal and had, at places, divided to form a bilayer. Later, the tapetal cells in both lines became amoeboid and had sporopollenin-like deposits. At stage iv, whereas the tapetal cells of the normal had started to degenerate, those of the mutant were intact but had large vacuoles. Also at this stage, the deposition of exine was evident in normal microspores, but it was lacking in most mutant microspores, which enlarged considerably and eventually degenerated. From stage v onwards, the normal microspores progressed from the binucleate pollen to pollen containing many vacuoles to mature pollen. In the mutant, tapetum degeneration was delayed until stage v, and later, although some microspores closer to the tapetum appeared normal, most either were empty or had large vacuoles. It is suggested that the delay in tapetum degeneration coupled with the failure of exine deposition, presumably associated with low esterase activity, is responsible for pollen degeneration in the sl-2/sl-2 mutant.

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