Mesophyll cell walls in hemlock, Tsuga canadensis

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1510-1515
Author(s):  
R. Fischer ◽  
N. G. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Observations have been made on the walls of the mesophyll cells in the leaves of hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, to determine if there were any structural features which would account for the relatively high resistance measured at the mesophyll cell surface in infiltrated leaves by Tyree et al. (1975). There was no indication of an internal cuticle based on histochemical tests of fresh sections and the appearance of the wall in electron micrographs. Examination of Alcian-blue-stained fresh sections and thin sections of material treated with ruthenium red indicated that mesophyl) cell walls may be covered with a mucilaginous layer that retards the evaporation of water to intercellular spaces.

The leaf anatomy of hemlock, Tsuga canadensis

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Gambles ◽  
N. G. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Leaf Volume

Structural features related to the pathway of water movement in the leaf of hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., have been examined in conjunction with investigations of plant water relations. Cell surface areas and volumes were determined by projecting 2-μm serial sections, measuring them with a map tracer, and multiplying cell perimeters by section thickness; or by the trace–cut–weigh method. Scanning electron microscope observations showed that the stomata are occluded with a continuous layer of rod-like wax particles. The average maximum distance over which water must move from the xylem of the single median bundle to the mesophyll is 770 μm, and each 40 μm of length of vein (the diameter of a mesophyll cell) supplies 196 cells. The palisade mesophyll consists of two layers, while the spongy mesophyll is arranged in sheets which radiate from the vascular bundle to the margin and alternate with large intercellular spaces. The mesophyll cell walls may provide the pathway through which the bulk of the water moves; the volume occupied by the mesophyll cell walls is 1.27 × 10−4 cm3 or 2.5% of total leaf volume. The total evaporative surface area of the mesophyll is 1.61 cm2 per leaf.

Morphological stabilization of the glycocalyces of 23 strains of five Bacteroides species using specific antisera

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight W. Lambe Jr. ◽  
K. J. Mayberry-Carson ◽  
Kaethe P. Ferguson ◽  
J. William Costerton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
Bacteroides Species ◽  
Heterologous Antiserum ◽  
Specific Antisera

Cells of five Bacteroides species were examined following treatment with homologous antisera and staining with ruthenium red. They were enveloped by glycocalyces and these extensive fibrous exopolysaccharide matrices were fully retained as an integral "capsule" by some cells, while other cells showed "capsule" as well as detached glycocalyx components forming an intercellular "slime." These extensive glycocalyces collapsed during dehydration for electron microscopy and formed electron-dense accretions on cell surfaces and electron-dense reticula in intercellular spaces when the cells were treated with heterologous antiserum or when antibody stabilization was omitted. The glycocalyces of all strains, both stabilized and unstabilized, were observed outside the outer membranes of cell walls that showed the "classic" gram-negative structural organization. Appropriate modifications of the indirect fluorescent antibody test demonstrated an integral "capsule" on all strains examined; detached glycocalyx and varying amounts of slime were demonstrated after stabilization with homologous, but not heterologous, antiserum.

Comment on the defence system of the mammalian epidermis

1980 ◽  
Vol 79 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 23-24
Author(s):  
A. Gedeon Matoltsy
Keyword(s):  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Horny Layer ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Tracer Studies ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Defence System ◽  
Membrane Coating ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
And Control

I would like to recall that in 1957 Selby noted in thin sections of mammalian epidermis (Selby 1957) granules smaller than the keratohyalin granules. In subsequent studies these granules, called membrane-coating granules (MCG), were shown to migrate toward the plasma membrane and discharge their lammelar content into the intercellular spaces (Matoltsy and Parakkal 1965). The lamellae which spread over the surface of granular cells have been noted to reassemble into bileaflets and to form broad sheets in the intercellular spaces of the horny layer (Matoltsy 1976) as illustrated in Fig. 1. Since histochemical studies have indicated the presence of lipids in MCG-s (Breathnach and Wyllie 1966; Hashimoto 1971), and tracer studies (Elias and Friend 1975; Squier and Hopps 1976) have revealed that ferratin, lanthanum, ruthenium red and horseradish peroxidase do not pass through the horny layer it is reasonable to postulate that lipids derived from MCG-s form an important part of the defence system of the mammalian epidermis and control the flow of hydrophilic substances across the stratum corneum.

scholarly journals Different Cell Wall-Degradation Ability Leads to Tissue-Specificity between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Jianbo Cao ◽  
Chuanliang Chu ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Limin He ◽  
Lihong Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Degradation Ability

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) lead to the devastating rice bacterial diseases and have a very close genetic relationship. There are tissue-specificity differences between Xoo and Xoc, i.e., Xoo only proliferating in xylem vessels and Xoc spreading in intercellular space of mesophyll cell. But there is little known about the determinants of tissue-specificity between Xoo and Xoc. Here we show that Xoc can spread in the intercellular spaces of mesophyll cells to form streak lesions. But Xoo is restricted to growth in the intercellular spaces of mesophyll cells on the inoculation sites. In vivo, Xoc largely breaks the surface and inner structures of cell wall in mesophyll cells in comparison with Xoo. In vitro, Xoc strongly damages the cellulose filter paper in comparison with Xoo. These results suggest that the stronger cell wall-degradation ability of Xoc than that of Xoo may be directly determining the tissue-specificity.

Comparison of Three Common Fixatives on Bacteria

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
J.M. Hanson ◽  
R.M. Pfister ◽  
R.A. Smucker
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membranes ◽  
Glutaraldehyde Solution ◽  
Background Material ◽  
Whole Mounts

The ultrastructure of the cytoplasmic membranes, cell walls, and mesosomes of Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium were found to be significantly affected by different fixation procedures.Logarithmic cells were divided into equal portions and different fixation procedures employed. A 6% glutaraldehyde solution followed by 1% 0s04 fixa-tion (1). The Ryter-Kellenberger (R-K) fixation (2) and Luft's ruthenium red (R-R) (3). The glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and R-K were post fixed with 2% and 0.5% uranyl acetate respectively. Thin sections were post stained with uranylacetate and lead citrate. One sub-portion of Bacillus megaterium was criti-cally-point dried. Glutaraldehyde-OsO4 critically-point dried whole mounts (Fig. 1) showed little background material and smooth walls. The R-K cells (Fig. 2) had irregular outer walls. The R-R cells (Fig. 3) were irregular and revealed external polysaccharide. There is a distinct difference in the internal morphology of the wall layers using the E. coli (Figs. 4,5,6). A heavier staining of the CM was observed in B. megaterium (Fig. 7).

The Surface Structure of Cultured Rabbit Kidney Cells as Revealed by Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-737
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH DIMMOCK
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Thin Sections

An epithelioid line of rabbit kidney cells (RK 13), in which the distribution of blood group antigen A had previously been investigated by mixed agglutination, was chosen for studies of the structure of the cell surface. Cells were grown in monolayer culture, and thin sections were examined by electron microscopy after fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and staining of the sections with lead, or uranyl and lead. Cells were also treated with ruthenium red incorporated in the osmium fixative. Other cells were fixed in lanthanum or potassium permanganate, and both stained and unstained sections were examined. The morphology of RK 13 cell surfaces is described. There is apparently no great degree of cellular specialization. The treatment with ruthenium red resulted in dense staining of a layer of the cell surface that is not visible in conventional preparations, and sometimes in staining of the surfaces of intracellular organelles. Lanthanum permanganate fixation also revealed a dense layer on the surface of the plasma membrane; a less dense surface layer was distinguished in many cells fixed in potassium permanganate. The reaction of ruthenium red with the cell surface is probably due to the presence of acidic glycoproteins, but the chemical specificity of the staining method is not yet clear. The nature of the material revealed by lanthanum and potassium permanaganates is also undefined. However, these staining methods reveal that the cell surface is more complex than is apparent in cells prepared by conventional techniques. The additional surface layer is probably the site of many blood group substances and other compounds involved in the physiological reactions of the cell surface.

Tropospheric ozone-induced structural changes in leaf mesophyll cell walls in grapevine plants

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Ljubešić ◽  
Mihaela Britvec
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll

AbstractThe structural changes in leaves of grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to different ozone concentrations were investigated. Ozone fumigations were performed in open-top chambers at four different ozone levels (charcoal-filtered air (F), ambient air (N), ambient air + 25 mm3m−3 ozone (O-25) and ambient air + 50 mm3m−3 ozone (O-50)).The leaves of plants from chambers with increased ozone concentrations (O-25 and O-50) were significantly thicker than the controls (F), owing to increased thickness of the mesophyll layer. Observing O-50 leaves, it was found that the mesophyll cell wall displayed structural changes. In some places cell wall thickness increased up to 1 µm. We found callose deposits on the inner side of the cell walls of mesophyll cells. These data are in accord with the concept that the mesophyll cell wall acts as a barrier against the penetration of tropospheric ozone into the cells.

Fine structure of sunflower crown gall tissue

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1455-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Manocha
Keyword(s):  
Crown Gall ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Gall Tissue ◽  
Crown Gall Tissue

Electron microscopic examination of thin sections from sunflower crown gall tissue, induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, revealed certain details about its intracellular organization not previously reported. Tumor tissue showed a marked increase in the number of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi dictyosomes, over that of normal mesophyll cells. Mitochondria and chloroplasts did not show any detectable change. Crystalline bodies, consisting of a lattice surrounded by a unit membrane, were frequently observed in tumorous cells. The nucleoli of tumor cells contained vacuoles and were clearly differentiated into two zones, pars amorpha and nucleolonema. The possible significance of these ultrastructural changes has been discussed. Small vesicle-like bodies were observed in the nuclei of mesophyll cells 4 days after bacterial inoculation. Whether or not these vesicle-like bodies are responsible for the transformation of a normal mesophyll cell to a fully autonomous tumor cell is not known, but the possibility is an intriguing one.

The response of cell walls of Bacillus subtilis to metals and to electron-microscopic stains

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Transition Elements ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure

Purified cell walls of Bacillus subtilis were subjected to solutions of 40 independent metals and the metal uptake, the electron-scattering power of thin sections, and the type of staining response evaluated. This was repeated for six typical electron-microscopic stains (uranyl acetate, uranyl magnesium acetate, osmium tetroxide, Os-meth, osmium-dimethylethylenediamine, and ruthenium red) and one new staining reagent (a potassium platinum chloride – dimethylsulfoxide complex) whose specificity is for amine functions. The reaction of select metals can be specific in terms of both uptake and staining response. Of the metals studied most transition elements had a high affinity for the wall fabric and some (i.e., Sc III, most lanthanides, U IV, Zr IV, Hf IV, Fe III, Pd II, Ru III, and In III) may be suitable as contrasting agents for electron microscopy. Furthermore, when the thickness of metal-reacted walls was compared to freeze-each and ultracryotomy data, statistical-dimensional differences were commonly seen, which indicates that wall ultrastructure can be profoundly affected by the type of metal and (or) staining reagent.

scholarly journals Collagen Formation by Fibroblasts of the Chick Embryo Dermis

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Porter ◽  
George D. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Collagen Fiber ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Collagen Formation

This investigation has sought to determine the relation between collagen fiber and fibroblast during fibrogenesis. Toward this end the surfaces of chick fibroblasts grown under in vitro conditions have been examined with the electron microscope after fixation in OsO4. Supplementary information has been obtained from thin sections of fibroblasts fixed in situ during phases of fiber production. The evidence provided by these studies and by various conditions of the experiments indicates that the unit fibrils of collagen form in close association with the cell surface. They were never observed within the cell. When these unit fibrils form in bundles it appears as though templates of some nature, possibly coinciding with stress fibers within the cell cortex, influence the polymerization of the fibrils out of material available at the cell surface. From here the fibrils and bundles of them are shed into the intercellular spaces and there grow to limited diameters by accretion of materials from the general milieu.

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