Factors maintaining a disjunct community of Liatris spicata and other prairie species in Ontario, Canada

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Roberts ◽  
T. Robson ◽  
P. M. Catling
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
High Water ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Prairie Peninsula ◽  
The Face ◽  
Experimental Trials

Plants of the prairie peninsula have persisted in southwestern Ontario in localized areas where a high water table in spring, severe drought in midsummer, and intermittent burning have limited forest encroachment. Unlike these relicts of the postglacial xerothermic period, a community of prairie species on a railway embankment at West Hill (Toronto) has developed within the last 100 years. It is postulated that the persistence of these prairie species in the face of intense competition by seedlings from the surrounding fields is due largely to their adaptation to the seasonal fluctuation of moisture availability, nutrient deficiency, and periodic disturbance at this site. Mortality of invading seedlings was due to extrinsic environmental stresses rather than competition for limited resources during the period of active growth. The perennial Liatris spicata was able to dominate part of the habitat as a result of rapid growth of adults and seedlings before drought, low requirement for nutrients and effective mobilization from the corm in spring, and resorption before senescence. Experimental trials suggest that accumulation of litter, improving the moisture-retention and nutrient availability of the substrate, will lead eventually to elimination of Liatris and the other disjunct species. The case for preserving this community and other wet-mesic prairies in southwestern Ontario is outlined. However, it is clear that the current practice of 'conservation by complete protection' should be replaced by a management policy of periodic burning or mowing.

scholarly journals Development and Verification of the Available Number of Water Intake Days in Ungauged Local Water Source Using the SWAT Model and Flow Recession Curves

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Jung-Ryel Choi ◽  
Il-Moon Chung ◽  
Se-Jin Jeung ◽  
Kyung-Su Choo ◽  
Cheong-Hyeon Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Regional Government

Climate change significantly affects water supply availability due to changes in the magnitude and seasonality of runoff and severe drought events. In the case of Korea, despite high water supply ratio, more populations have continued to suffer from restricted regional water supplies. Though Korea enacted the Long-Term Comprehensive Water Resources Plan, a field survey revealed that the regional government organizations limitedly utilized their drought-related data. These limitations present a need for a system that provides a more intuitive drought review, enabling a more prompt response. Thus, this study presents a rating curve for the available number of water intake days per flow, and reviews and calibrates the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model mediators, and found that the coefficient of determination, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) from 2007 to 2011 were at 0.92, 0.84, and 7.2%, respectively, which were “very good” levels. The flow recession curve was proposed after calculating the daily long-term flow and extracted the flow recession trends during days without precipitation. In addition, the SWAT model’s flow data enables the quantitative evaluations of the number of available water intake days without precipitation because of the high hit rate when comparing the available number of water intake days with the limited water supply period near the study watershed. Thus, this study can improve drought response and water resource management plans.

Supreme Scooper

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-513
Author(s):  
Tom Appleton
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Initial Attack ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Way

Canadair's CL-415 amphibious aircraft is arguably the most advanced firefighting waterbomber on the face of the earth. With its high water capacity and advanced performance, it leads the way in rapid initial attack to contain fires.

scholarly journals Using smart meters to identify social and technological impacts on residential water consumption

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Beal ◽  
Rodney A. Stewart ◽  
Anneliese Spinks ◽  
Kelly Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Residential Water Consumption ◽  
End Use ◽  
Demographic Surveys

Studies have shown that householders' perceptions of their water use are often not well matched with their actual water use. There has been less research, however, investigating whether this bias is related to specific types of end use and/or specific types of socio-demographic and socio-demographic household profiles. A high resolution smart metering study producing a detailed end use event registry as well as psycho-social and socio-demographic surveys, stock inventory audits and self-reported water diaries was completed for 250 households located in South-east Queensland, Australia. The study examined the contributions of end uses to total water use for each group identified as ‘low’, ‘medium’ or ‘high’ water users. Analyses were conducted to examine the socio-demographic variables such as income, percentage of water efficient stock, family size and composition, that characterise each self-identified water usage group. The paper concludes with a discussion of the general characteristics of groups that overestimate and underestimate their water use and how this knowledge can be used to inform demand management policy such as targeted community education programmes.

High Water, Low Water

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Zalasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Sea Level ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Rock Strata

In almost everybody’s natural lifetime, the sea is one of the great unchanging certainties of life. There is land; there is sea; and in between is that magical place, the seaside, which is sometimes knocked about a bit by the waves, but always manages to recover for that next idyllic summer. There are, one remembers, those faintly disquieting legends, about a remarkably well-organized and ecologically aware person called Noah, and about a Deluge. But these, of course, should not be taken seriously. They were a jumpy and superstitious lot, our ancestors, always prone to making up scary stories. It was a good way to keep the children in order. With a longer perspective, things seem a little different. Take any one location on the globe, for instance. Track it over millions of years. At that one location, there may be a change from deep ocean, to shallow sea, to a shoreline, and thence to terrestrial swamps and flood plains. And then, perhaps, to the absence of evidence, a horizon of absolutely no thickness at all within a succession of rock strata, in which a million years or a hundred million years—or more—may be missing, entirely unrecorded. It is that phenomenon called an unconformity, all that is left of the history of a terrestrial landscape pushed up into the erosional realm. On that eroding landscape, there may have been episodes of battle, murder, and sudden death among armoured saurians, of fire, flood, and storm, and of the humdrum day-to-day life of the vast vegetarian dinosaurs, chewing through their daily hundredweights of plants. Of this, no trace can persist. Only when that landscape is plunged again towards sea level, and begins to be silted up, can a tangible geological record resume. The Earth’s crust, as we have seen, is malleable, can be pushed downwards or thrust upwards by the forces that drive the continents across the face of the globe. Many of the sea level changes that can be read in the strata of the archives are of this sort, and mark purely local ups and downs of individual sections of crust, with no evidence that global sea level was anything other than constant.

scholarly journals ARTIFICIAL BREACHINGS OF BOT RIVER ESTUARY

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
G.A.W. Fromme
Keyword(s):  
River Estuary ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coastal Engineering ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Freshwater Lake ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
National Research Institute ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Sand Bar

During the flood year of 1981 the "Bot River Vlei", one of the largest lagoons in the south-western Cape of the Good Hope was opened to the sea by two artificial breachings of the sand bar which were aimed at lowering the excessively high water levels in the lagoon, and at the re-establishment of estuarine conditions. The Coastal Engineering and Hydraulics Division of the National Research Institute for Oceanology of the CSIR surveyed and monitored the hydrological and sedimentological events in the Bot River lagoon and at the mouth channels in an attempt to formulate a future viable management policy, which had to take into account the conflicting interests of the defenders of continued artificial breachings and of those who advocate conditions of a closed estuary which will eventually change into a coastal freshwater lake.

Actual Problems of Banking Regulation in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Kulyash Zh. SADVOKASSOVA ◽  
Gaukhar S. KODASHEVA ◽  
Nazgul KHAMITKHAN ◽  
Aizhan Ye. ZHAMIYEVA ◽  
Rustem K. SADVOKASSOV
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Basel Iii ◽  
International Banking ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
University Professors ◽  
The Face

The article discusses the current problems of banking regulation in Kazakhstan in the face of growing uncertainty in the financial market. In this context, an assessment of the current practice of banking regulation has been given, the strengths and weaknesses of this process have been identified, as well as problems with the introduction of Basel III international banking supervision standards and ways to further improve the national banking regulation system in modern conditions. All these questions considered in this article determine the relevance of the presented material. The materials of the article suggest practical significance for university professors of economic specialties.  

scholarly journals Policy considerations for managing wetlands under a changing climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Finlayson ◽  
S. J. Capon ◽  
D. Rissik ◽  
J. Pittock ◽  
G. Fisk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Wetland Condition ◽  
Ramsar Convention ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
The Face ◽  
Potential Adaptation ◽  
Wetland Policy

Drawing on the experience and lessons of wetland researchers and managers in Australia and New Zealand, we examined the implications of climate change for wetland policy and management, and identified potential adaptation responses and the information needed to support these. First, we considered wetland vulnerability to climate change, focusing on wetland exposure and sensitivity. We then outlined the existing policy context for dealing with climate change, with an emphasis on the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. We then considered how the objectives and targets for wetland management can be set in the face of climate change, how management can be adapted to climate change given the uncertainties involved, and how we can monitor and evaluate wetland condition in the face of climate change. We concluded with a set of principles to guide adaptation of wetland conservation and management policy to climate change.

Increasing home-grown forage consumption and profit in non-irrigated dairy systems. 4. Economic performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
D. Beca ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
J. Tharmaraj ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Western Victoria

The profitability of dairy farm systems in southern Australia is closely related to the amount of pasture grown and consumed on-farm by dairy cows. However, there are doubts regarding the extent to which gains in feed supply from perennial ryegrass pasture can continue to support productivity growth in the industry. A farmlet experiment was conducted in south-western Victoria for 4 years (June 2005–May 2009), comparing a production system based on the use of forage species that complement perennial ryegrass in their seasonal growth pattern (‘Complementary Forages’, or CF) with a well managed system solely based on perennial ryegrass pasture (‘Ryegrass Max’, or RM). The forage base in CF included perennial ryegrass with a double-cropping rotation of winter cereal grown for whole-crop silage, followed by a summer brassica for grazing on 15% of farmlet area, a summer-active pasture based on tall fescue (on average 20% of farmlet area), perennial ryegrass oversown with short-rotation ryegrasses (average 16% of farmlet area) and summer brassica crops used in the process of pasture renovation (average 5% of farmlet area). The stocking rate was 2.2 and 2.8 cows/ha on RM and CF, respectively. Both systems were profitable over the 4 years of the experiment, with the modified internal rate of return over 4 years being 14.4% and 14.7% for the RM and CF farmlets, respectively. The coefficient of variation (%) of annual operating profit over 4 years was higher for the CF farmlet (56% and 63% for RM and CF, respectively). A severe drought in one of the 4 years exposed the more highly stocked CF system to greater supplementary feed costs and business risk. By comparison, the RM system performed consistently well across different seasons and in the face of a range of milk prices. The very small gain in profit from CF, plus the associated higher risk, makes it difficult to endorse a substantial change away from the traditional RM feed supply to greater reliance on summer-grown forages on non-irrigated dairy farms in southern Australia, as implemented in this experiment.

Environmental and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination during Simulated Healthcare Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 784-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel T Weber ◽  
Linh T Phan ◽  
Charissa Fritzen-Pedicini ◽  
Rachael M Jones
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Central Venous Access ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
The Face ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Experimental Trials

Abstract Providing care to patients with an infectious disease can result in the exposure of healthcare workers (HCWs) to pathogen-containing bodily fluids. We performed a series of experiments to characterize the magnitude of environmental contamination—in air, on surfaces and on participants—associated with seven common healthcare activities. The seven activities studied were bathing, central venous access, intravenous access, intubation, physical examination, suctioning and vital signs assessment. HCWs with experience in one or more activities were recruited to participate and performed one to two activities in the laboratory using task trainers that contained or were contaminated with fluorescein-containing simulated bodily fluid. Fluorescein was quantitatively measured in the air and on seven environmental surfaces. Fluorescein was quantitatively and qualitatively measured on the personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by participants. A total of 39 participants performed 74 experiments, involving 10–12 experimental trials for each healthcare activity. Healthcare activities resulted in diverse patterns and levels of contamination in the environment and on PPE that are consistent with the nature of the activity. Glove and gown contamination were ubiquitous, affirming the value of wearing these pieces of PPE to protect HCW’s clothing and skin. Though intubation and suctioning are considered aerosol-generating procedures, fluorescein was detected less frequently in air and at lower levels on face shields and facemasks than other activities, which suggests that the definition of aerosol-generating procedure may need to be revised. Face shields may protect the face and facemask from splashes and sprays of bodily fluids and should be used for more healthcare activities.

scholarly journals Assessing the Vulnerability of Agricultural Systems to Drought in Kyrgyzstan

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3117
Author(s):  
Li Liang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Qin Keyu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
The Face

As climate change worsens, the frequent occurrence of extreme drought events will further threaten the agricultural systems of all countries in the world. Kyrgyzstan is a country with agriculture and animal husbandry as its main industries, with a weak industrial base, and agriculture plays an important role in the national economy. Kyrgyzstan is located in Central Asia and suffers from a dry climate and frequent droughts. Thus, an integral analysis of the vulnerability of Kyrgyzstan’s agricultural system is of great significance for this country’s socio-economic stability. In this study, we comprehensively analyze the agricultural system drought vulnerability of Kyrgyzstan from three dimensions of sensitivity, adaptability and exposure. The results show that the areas of higher vulnerability in Kyrgyzstan’s agricultural system are distributed in the eastern mountainous, northwest and southwest areas. In addition, regions with low vulnerability are mainly concentrated in the central area. Kyrgyzstan has abundant water resources, but the supporting infrastructure construction is relatively backward. The imperfect irrigation facilities have greatly restricted the development of agriculture and have also increased the vulnerability of the agricultural systems. In the face of climate change, the region may face more severe drought disasters, so increasing infrastructure investment and building a complete irrigation system and water use plan are the keys to reducing the vulnerability of Kyrgyzstan’s agricultural system.

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