Investigation of a non-nodulating cultivar of Pisum sativum

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (14) ◽  
pp. 1633-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Degenhardt ◽  
T. A. Larue ◽  
E. A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Infection Threads

A non-nodulating cultivar of Pisum sativum cv. Afghanistan was studied to characterize the nature and location of the non-nodulating factor. Nodule formation was not temperature sensitive. Rhizobium leguminosarum could exist in the rhizosphere. Root secretions did not decrease nodulation in adjacent normal plants, nor did the proximity of normal plants promote nodulation. Infection threads formed in the root hairs, but nodules were not formed. The infection process apparently aborted, resulting in the formation of swellings on areas of the root where nodulation would normally occur. Grafting experiments indicate that the factor preventing nodulation is in the root and is not translocated from the cotyledon or plant top.

Cytological studies of the infection process in nodulating and nonnodulating pea genotypes

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2435-2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Le Gal ◽  
S. L. A. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
American Strain ◽  
Plant Effect

Pisum sativum L., cv. Afghanistan, does not form nodules with 128C52, a North American strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Timing of the abortion of the nodulation process was determined by microscopy in both 'Afghanistan' and nonnodulating 'Trapper,' produced by backcrossing the nonnodulating genes of 'Afghanistan' into 'Trapper,' a North American variety. Three to 5 days after inoculation, we observed deformed roots and localized swellings as well as loosely curled root hairs in these nonnodulating combinations. Rhizobia entered root hairs and epidermal cells, but no infection threads were seen. Cortical cells divided and a nodule meristem was initiated. Some meristematic cells showed abnormal features such as a high concentration of free ribosomes, dilated endoplasmic reticulum often connected to a dilated nuclear envelope, and disrupted mitochondria. Cortical cells around the nodule meristem were devoid of starch grains. Such phenotypes are known to be associated with rhizobial mutants, but in this case a plant effect is responsible.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis of root nodules in white clover. II. The effect of mutation in genes nod IJ of the microsymbiont upon the nodule structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Barbara Łotocka ◽  
Joanna Kopcińska ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Infection Threads

Morphogenesis of ineffective root nodules initiated on the roots of white clover 'Astra' by the <em>Rhizobium leguminosarum</em> biovar. <em>trifolii</em> strains ANU261 (Tn5 insertion in nod 1 gene) and ANU262 (Tn5 insertion in nod J gene) was investigated. Following changes were observed, as compared to the wild-type nodulation: the exaggerated, not delayed reaction of root hairs; the delay in nodulation with the number of nodules the same as in plants inoculated with a wild strain; the formation and organization of the nodule primordium not changed in comparison with the wild-type nodules; infection threads abnormally branched and diffusing with bacteria deprived of light zone and enriched with storage material; infected cells of bacteroidal tissue abnormally strongly osmiophilic and only slightly vacuolated; symbiosomes with very narrowed peribacteroidal space, subject to premature degradation; abnormal accumulation of starch in the nodule tissues; nodule development blocked at the stage of laterally situated meristem and single nodule bundle; inhibition of divisions in the meristem and vacuolation of its cells; the appearance of single cells with colonies of saprophytic rhizobia embedded in the fibrillar matrix in the old, degraded regions of the bacteroidal tissue.

Infection process and sloughing off of rhizobial outer membrane in effective nodules of lima bean

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 890-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arya K. Bal ◽  
Peter P. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Lima Beans ◽  
Membrane Cell ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

In addition to infection via root hairs, infection threads originating in epidermal cells after colonization of epidermis have been clearly demonstrated in lima beans infected with Rhizobium sp. 127E15, and this double mode of infection possibly accounts for profuse nodulation of the roots. Sloughing off of the outer membrane (cell wall) was detected after release of rhizobia during bacteroid differentiation in effective nodules.

scholarly journals A family of promoter probe vectors incorporating autofluorescent and chromogenic reporter proteins for studying gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (10) ◽  
pp. 3249-3256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Karunakaran ◽  
T. H. Mauchline ◽  
A. H. F. Hosie ◽  
P. S. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Promoter Probe ◽  
Made In

A series of promoter probe vectors for use in Gram-negative bacteria has been made in two broad-host-range vectors, pOT (pBBR replicon) and pJP2 (incP replicon). Reporter fusions can be made to gfpUV, gfpmut3.1, unstable gfpmut3.1 variants (LAA, LVA, AAV and ASV), gfp+, dsRed2, dsRedT.3, dsRedT.4, mRFP1, gusA or lacZ. The two vector families, pOT and pJP2, are compatible with one another and share the same polylinker for facile interchange of promoter regions. Vectors based on pJP2 have the advantage of being ultra-stable in the environment due to the presence of the parABCDE genes. As a confirmation of their usefulness, the dicarboxylic acid transport system promoter (dctA p) was cloned into a pOT (pRU1097)- and a pJP2 (pRU1156)-based vector and shown to be expressed by Rhizobium leguminosarum in infection threads of vetch. This indicates the presence of dicarboxylates at the earliest stages of nodule formation.

Early events in the infection of soybean by Rhizobium japonicum. Time course and cytology of the initial infection process

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gillian Turgeon ◽  
Wolfgang D. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Infection Threads

The time course of early infection events in Glycine max following inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum is described. Bacteria became attached to epidermal cells and root hairs within minutes of inoculation. Marked root hair curling occurred within 12 h. Infection thread formation was visible at the light microscope level of resolution about 24 h after inoculation. Infections were observed in short, tightly curled root hairs. These root hairs had not yet emerged at the time of inoculation. Infection threads appeared to originate in pockets formed by contact of the cell wall of the curled root hair with itself. Infection threads in the hairs were multiple and (or) branched. By 48 h, the infection thread(s) had progressed to the base of the root hair but had not yet penetrated into the cortex. Increases in cortical cell cytoplasm and in mitotic division occurred in advance of the penetrating infection thread. A nodule meristem developed in the outer cortex next to the infected root hair by 4 days and was accompanied by cell division across the cortex.

The nodDABC Genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii Confer Root-Hair Curling Ability to a Diverse Range of Soil Bacteria and the Ability to Induce Novel Root Swellings on Beans

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Plazinski ◽  
RW Ridge ◽  
IA Mckay ◽  
MA Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hair Curling ◽  
Root Hair Curling ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum Biovar Trifolii

Cloned DNA fragments coding for the nodDABC genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain ANU843 were introduced into Rhizobium strains possessing Sym plasmid deletions. These strains were able to: (a) synthesise four butanol-soluble Nod metabolites; (b) affect the normal growth pattern of plant root hairs of a wide range of host and non-host legumes; and (c) induce many root outgrowths on Phaseolus plants. The four Nod metabolites produced by these strains were labelled by supplying cultures with 14C-acetate in the presence of a flavonoid inducer of nod gene expression. In contrast, more than ten Nod metabolites were synthesised by wild-type strains or constructed strains containing the full complement of R. leguminosarum biovar. trifolii nodulation and host specific nodulation genes. Strain ANU845 containing nodDABC did not induce infection threads or nodule initiation sites but distorted and curled cells in plant root hairs. However strain ANU845 induced root outgrowths on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) that appeared to result from a proliferation of the epidermal tissue. Transfer of plasmids bearing nodDABC to various Gram-negative bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lignobacter sp., Azospirillum brasilense and Escherichia coli, and different non-nodulating mutant rhizobia conferred on these strains the ability to cause root-hair curling and distortions. Several strains induced root-hair curling on clover and a range of other non-host legumes. We suggest that the expression of nodDABC in a range of soil bacteria may extend or alter the effects of these soil bacteria on the roots of host plants.

scholarly journals Nod Factor Perception During Infection Thread Growth Fine-Tunes Nodulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Den Herder ◽  
Celine Vanhee ◽  
Riet De Rycke ◽  
Viviana Corich ◽  
Marcelle Holsters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Nodulation Factors ◽  
Polysaccharide Synthesis ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Surface Polysaccharide

Bacterial nodulation factors (NFs) are essential signaling molecules for the initiation of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in legumes. NFs are perceived by the plant and trigger both local and distant responses, such as curling of root hairs and cortical cell divisions. In addition to their requirement at the start, NFs are produced by bacteria that reside within infection threads. To analyze the role of NFs at later infection stages, several phases of nodulation were studied by detailed light and electron microscopy after coinoculation of adventitious root primordia of Sesbania rostrata with a mixture of Azorhizobium caulinodans mutants ORS571-V44 and ORS571-X15. These mutants are deficient in NF production or surface polysaccharide synthesis, respectively, but they can complement each other, resulting in functional nodules occupied by ORS571-V44. The lack of NFs within the infection threads was confirmed by the absence of expression of an early NF-induced marker, leghemoglobin 6 of S. rostrata. NF production within the infection threads is shown to be necessary for proper infection thread growth and for synchronization of nodule formation with bacterial invasion. However, local production of NFs by bacteria that are taken up by the plant cells at the stage of bacteroid formation is not required for correct symbiosome development.

scholarly journals Phylogeny and Expression of NADPH Oxidases during Symbiotic Nodule Formation

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Montiel ◽  
Citlali Fonseca-García ◽  
Carmen Quinto
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Regulation Of Activity ◽  
Respiratory Burst Oxidase

The mutualistic interaction between gram-negative soil bacteria and the roots of legumes leads to the establishment of nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen is fixed. Nodulation is a multistep process with numerous essential players. Among these are reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are mainly generated by Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidases. In plants, these enzymes are known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs). In legumes, these proteins are encoded by a multigene family with members that are differentially expressed in various tissues and organs at distinct developmental stages. RBOHs have critical roles at several stages of nodulation: in the early signaling pathway triggered by nodulation factors in the root hairs, during both the progression of infection threads and nodule ontogeny, and in nitrogen fixation and senescence. Data from the literature along with the analysis conducted here imply that legumes use different RBOHs for different stages of nodulation; these RBOHs belong to the same phylogenetic subgroup, even though they are not strictly orthologous. Accordingly, the regulation of activity of a given RBOH during the nodulation process probably varies among legumes.

The relation between root hair infection by Rhizobium and nodulation in Trifolium and Vicia

1962 ◽  
Vol 156 (962) ◽  
pp. 122-137 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Root Hair Infection

The infection of the root hairs of young seedlings of twelve species of Trifolium and of Vicia hirsuta was examined. The amount of infection (numbers of hairs containing infection threads) at 2 weeks varied much between species of host and was less affected by bacterial strain ; host and strain differences were independent. In most hosts a high proportion of infections did not result in nodule formation. The relative rate of increase in numbers of infected hairs was constant before nodulation began. The duration of this pre-nodulation phase of exponential increase in infection, but not its rate, differed between species. Nodulation (and lateral root formation) caused an abrupt lowering of the initial rate of infection. Post-nodulation infection also increased exponentially. Low concentrations of nitrate nitrogen delayed nodulation and increased the number of hairs infected. Infected hairs were not randomly distributed along the root, infection beginning at a few well-separated points. Later infections occurred near these primary foci to give zones of infection which then spread up and down the root. The positions of nodules or lateral roots were not related to the primary foci of hair infection.

Root colonization of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae in the presence of nitrate-nitrogen

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1068-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal J Beauchamp ◽  
Joseph W Kloepper ◽  
Joseph J Shaw ◽  
François-P. Chalifour
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Rhizobial Population

There is a lack of knowledge concerning the effect of nitrate–nitrogen (NO3––N) at levels known to inhibit nodule formation and functioning on root colonization of dinitrogen-fixing legumes. Firstly, this study investigated potential differences between Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 175F9 and its bioluminescent-labeled strain 175F9.lux on root colonization of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). These two strains similarly colonized the roots of both hosts. Secondly, this study evaluated the effects of 0 and 10 mol·m–3 NO3––N on root colonization of faba bean and pea by strain 175F9.lux, over time. Averaged over both hosts and harvest dates, the presence of NO3––N increased the rhizobial population and the root length colonized. In addition, our results showed that bioluminescence activity increased from 7 to 14 days after sowing and was not correlated to rhizobial population. Finally, to demonstrate that an increase in bioluminescence activity was not an indirect effect of nitrate on R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 175F9.lux, this study investigated the effects of increasing carbon (mannitol) and nitrogen (NO3––N) concentrations on the rhizobial population and bioluminescence activity. The carbon source was more important than the nitrogen source to increase the rhizobial population and bioluminescence activity, which increased with increasing mannitol concentration, but not with increasing nitrate concentration. Results from this study demonstrated that NO3––N increased rhizobial population, especially for faba bean, and the length of root colonized.Key words: nitrate, nitrogen, rhizosphere, rhizobacteria, luminescence

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