Growth and metabolism of cells and tissue of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). 2. The quantitative analysis of the growth of callus from hypocotyls and radicles

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 446-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Chalupa ◽  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
C. Vithayasai
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Green Callus ◽  
Food Reserves

Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) calluses from hypocotyls and radicles of 5-day-old seedlings were established when the yield of callus from the donor was greatest compared with other stages of germination. Effects of macroelements, organic nitrogen sources, growth regulators, temperature, light, and carbon dioxide on the fresh and dry weights of callus indicated that the medium formulated was optimal. Although tissues assimilated exogenous sources of N, they also depended upon the food reserves that were mobilized during germination as the density (dry weight per cubic centimetre) of calluses gradually fell.Initially, the proliferation and release of cells from their neighbors was mainly on the outer surface of tissue. Eventually all cells appeared to divide to yield a friable, green callus with cell clumps that were easily dissociated from one another. Some clumps, especially those below the surface and near vascular tissues, were filamentous and exhibited polarity resembling the early stages of pine embryogeny.The growth form of hypocotyl callus was autocatalytic, whereas radicle callus was exponential for both dry weight and volume. Final size was greater in hypocotyl callus. In both systems, the relative growth rates of weight and volume correlated negatively but significantly to water intake. Average parameters of growth rates were calculated using Richards's comprehensive growth function.

Growth and metabolism of cells and tissue of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). 5. Changes in free arginine and Sakaguchi-reactive compounds during callus growth and in germinating seedlings of similar genetic origin

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
V. Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Friable Callus

In friable callus, grown on a defined medium with arginine, and in jack pine seedlings, from which callus was derived, at least 18 Sakaguchi-reactive compounds and two N-phosphoryl derivatives were detected. When final size of callus was reached, the N in these substances contributed 0.1% to the total gain in dry weight and less than 0.6% to the gain in N. This was equivalent to a loss of 3 to 7% of the arginine N in the medium. For each callus, the total content of Sakaguchi-reactive compounds increased as the relative growth rates for weight and volume decreased. The increase was more pronounced when daughter cells adhered to clumps than at earlier stages when cells separated from one another. On a unit weight basis and as the cultures reached final size, the total Sakaguchi-reactive substances fell as γ-guanidinobutyric acid increasingly dominated the guanidine fraction. Exogenously supplied γ-guanidinobutyric acid caused a decrease in the final size of the cultured calluses when compared with calluses supplied with arginine. Levels of some of the remaining unidentified guanidines correlated positively with growth rates of calluses. By contrast, during the first 10 days of seedling growth Sakaguchi-reactive compounds contributed 12% of the net gain in N. The sequence of dominance of guanidines during growth was similar in both callus types and in seedlings, although some differences were noted.

Growth and metabolism of cells and tissue of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). 4. Changes in amino acids in callus and in seedlings of similar genetic origin

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 468-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
V. Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Daughter Cells

Growth rates of callus from hypocotyls and radicles of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were associated with the differential release and adherence of daughter cells. From 18 to 40% of the N in the medium was assimilated through the increasing surface area of callus and contributed nearly 6% of the total gain in dry weight. Sequential changes in free amino acid N leading to final size were similar for callus from both plant parts. Changes in N correlated significantly with growth rates and callus density (dry weight per cubic centimetre). When free amino acid N was expressed as a percentage of the total soluble N, correlations signified the relative proportions of the amino acid pool that gave different growth-rate forms. The balance of N metabolism during the autocatalytic growth of hypocotyl callus was under the influence of free glutamine, whereas the exponential growth of radicle callus was dominated by the synthesis of asparagine N. In callus from both plant parts 80 to 87% of the net gain in N was recovered in the bound (protein and nucleic acid) fraction. Percentage of free glutamine N decreased with the increase in bound N.Ways in which free amino acid N interacted with growth rates indicated that final size may be usefully defined not merely as an extreme of a growth function but in more sequential kinetic terms supported by a series of correlation coefficients. Correlations revealed the specific points at which free amino acids interacted strongly with rates.When amino acid N in callus was compared with N in seedlings from which callus was derived, the trends were strikingly similar. In seedlings the succession of amino acids was linked more to the uptake of N from the gametophyte by cotyledons and daughter cells in growing tissues rather than to their morphogenesis. Differences related mainly to the greater ability of the seedling to synthesize protein and to maintain higher levels of total soluble N than in callus.

The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus on early plant growth in ryegrass (Lolium spp.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Eagling ◽  
RJ Sward ◽  
GM Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Measurements were made on the effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on the early growth of four commercial cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) under two different temperatures (24�C and 16�C). At 24'C, BYDV infection was associated with reduced root dry weight (30-40%) in all cultivars; the effect of infection on shoot dry weight and leaf area was variable. At 16�C, the effect of BYDV infection was variable, being associated with increases in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area in one cultivar (Grasslands Ariki) and decreases in another (Victorian). In two other cultivars, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf area were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by infection with BYDV.At 24�C, the reductions in root dry weight associated with BYDV infection were not concomitant with reductions in the root relative growth rates. Up to at least 28 days after inoculation (46-50 days after germination) reductions in root dry weight were associated with both aphid-feeding damage and virus infection. Experiments with the cultivar Victorian, showed that shoot dry weight was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by feeding with viruliferous (BYDV) or non-viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). At 16�C, changes in root and shoot dry weight were associated with changes in the root and shoot relative growth rates.

scholarly journals Jack Pine Regeneration Following Postcut Burning under Seed Trees in Central Saskatchewan

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chrosciewicz
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Slash Burning

An experimental burn in conjunction with a seed-tree system was successful in regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) on a fresh to somewhat moist upland, loamy till, cutover site in central Saskatchewan. About 20 well-formed, uniformly spaced seed trees per hectare were left standing during timber harvest. The ignition of logging slash was carried out under preselected weather and fuel conditions so that favorable seedbeds and adequate seed dispersal from the seed trees were produced. Four growing seasons after burning, jack pine stocking by 4-m2 quadrats was 90% with 12 195 seedlings/ha. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), to a lesser degree black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and other companion tree species also regenerated with the pine. Various seedbed and regeneration characteristics as well as height growth rates are discussed. Key words: Pinus banksiana, slash burning, seed-tree system, forest regeneration, growth rates, central Saskatchewan.

The influence of light quality and carbon dioxide enrichment on the growth and physiology of seedlings of three conifer species. I. Growth responses

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hoddinott ◽  
Rickey Scott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Flux Ratio ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Plant growth responds to light quality, as evaluated by the red/far-red (R/FR) quantum flux ratio, and to the level of CO2. Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana and Picea glauca seedlings were raised at 350, 700, or 1050 μL∙L−1 CO2 and high or low R/FR ratios and growth was measured over a 16-week growth period. Far-red rich light enhanced the whole plant and height relative growth rates of Pinus banksiana. The three species showed species specific responses in plant organ relative growth rates and partitioning ratios. On the basis of their biomass partitioning the species would be ranked Pinus banksiana < Picea mariana < Picea glauca for shade tolerance. In commercial operations, seedlings grown for outplanting are selected, in part, on the basis of plant form as described by the stem height/diameter ratio. More desirable ratios were obtained at ambient CO2 concentrations for Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana in red rich light and for Picea glauca in far-red rich light. Keywords: seedling growth, light quality, CO2 enrichment.

Development and evaluation of ecoregion-based jack pine height-diameter models for Ontario

2002 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianjun Zhang ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Shongming Huang ◽  
Xiaolu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Permanent Sample Plot ◽  
Geographic Regions

The Chapman-Richards growth function is used to model jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) tree height-diameter relationships at provincial, regional, and ecoregional levels. The results suggest that the tree height-diameter relationships of jack pine are significantly different among the geographic regions of Ontario, depending on local climatic, soil, and ecological conditions. In light of this study, the provincial and regional height-diameter models are not appropriate for predicting tree heights at the ecoregional level. Further, applying a specific ecoregional model to other ecoregions will also result in significant biases for predicting local tree heights. The ecoregion-based height-diameter models developed in this study may provide more accurate information on tree growth and development to forest resource managers and planners. Key words: Chapman-Richards growth function, permanent sample plot, non-linear extra sum of square method, forest management

COMPARISON OF SEEDLING GROWTH OF ROUGH FESCUE AND TALL FESCUE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
D. B. Wilson ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Rough Fescue

Seedlings of a native grass, rough fescue, Festuca scabrella Torr., and of a tame grass, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were destructively harvested for growth analysis. Leaf and tiller numbers and leaf lengths were recorded for an additional 10 plants of each species. Mean net assimilation rates of rough fescue were similar to those of tall fescue, but leaf area ratios were significantly lower. Thus, mean relative growth rates of rough fescue were less than those of tall fescue. Tiller numbers were similar for both species but rough fescue produced fewer leaves. Dry weight of tops of the tame grass produced during the 10-week period was about 17 times that produced by the native grass.

Growth and metabolism of cells and tissue of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). 3. Growth of cells in liquid suspension cultures in light and darkness

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 456-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
V. Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Liquid Suspension

Friable, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) callus on agar plates with a defined nutrient medium was transferred to a liquid medium of the same composition to establish cell suspension cultures. Dry weights and patterns of growth for daughter cells were estimated in continuous light or darkness, with or without conditioned media and arginine supplement. In all treatments, growth was near-exponential. Greatest final size was obtained with basal medium under continuous light.The distribution of clump sizes at the later stages of growth fits a stochastic model reflecting two types of daughter cell behavior described by the probability of one type remaining with the clump as opposed to sloughing off into the medium. In light, cells contained many more chloroplasts, thicker cell walls, and more compacted clumps than in darkness: yet cellular clumping patterns both in light and darkness were largely similar. Nearly 20% of the clumps showed polarity and symmetry and contained actively streaming suspensor-like cells. The remaining clumps were spherical and produced unorganized growth patterns. The progress of growth was eventually dominated by the tendency of daughter cells to remain attached to clumps compared with the initial tendency for clumps to fragment and cells to be released into the medium.

RELATIVE GROWTH RATES OF SPRING WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY UNDER POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-INDUCED WATER STRESS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Seedlings of wheat, oats, and barley were grown in nutrient solution and subjected to uniform water stresses by the addition of different amounts of polyethylene glycol to the medium. The polyethylene glycol was refined by passage through a combined millipore – ion exchange filter. The solution was circulated by an automatic system which drained and refilled growth tanks once every 45 minutes. Relative growth rates, calculated from changes in dry weight, were used as a measure of drought tolerance. Between the second and the sixth leaf stages, but not at the first leaf stage, the drought tolerance of Thatcher wheat was significantly greater than that of Exeter oats or Husky barley. Oats and barley responded similarly to water stress.

scholarly journals Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Sturdiness of Jack Pine Seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Schnurr ◽  
Zong-Ming Cheng ◽  
Arthur A. Boe
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growth Modification

Abstract Seven growth regulators (ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, ethephon, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole) at various concentrations were studied for their effects on sturdiness of greenhouse grown seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), measured by a single parameter, growth modification index. All growth regulators at certain concentrations were effective in reducing plant height but none increased stem caliper. Several growth regulators increased shoot-to-root dry weight ratio. Benzylaminopurine greatly modified growth characteristics and resulted in deformed seedlings. Uniconizole was most promising for producing sturdier seedlings of jack pine.

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